Baptista Lopes Mónica, Saca Carolina, Paquete Oliveira Ricardo, Bastos Furtado Ana, Delgado Alves José
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, PRT.
Cureus. 2024 Dec 21;16(12):e76129. doi: 10.7759/cureus.76129. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Vitamin K is essential to produce functional vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X). Vitamin K antagonists inhibit the normal activation of these factors, leading to bleeding manifestations of variable severity. Long-acting vitamin K antagonists or superwarfarins were developed as rodenticides and have a significantly longer half-life and greater potency when compared to warfarin. Intoxication with superwarfarins presents a typical clinical picture and evolution, but its diagnosis can be challenging without a clear ingestion history. We describe a case of a healthy 67-year-old man who presented with bleeding diathesis and severe anemia due to isolated coagulopathy. Laboratory evaluation showed prolonged coagulation times and very low levels of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. All other potential causes were ruled out, and superwarfarin intoxication was assumed, although we were unable to confirm unequivocal exposure. He was treated with high-dose vitamin K supplementation for two months until coagulation times normalized. He remained asymptomatic with no laboratory changes four months after the suspension of vitamin K.The management of a patient presenting with bleeding diathesis and coagulopathy can be challenging. A stepwise approach is helpful to reach the correct diagnosis and intoxication with long-acting vitamin K antagonists should be considered, even without an ingestion history. Therapy with vitamin K in high doses must be started as soon as possible and can be lifesaving.
维生素K对于产生功能性维生素K依赖的凝血因子(凝血酶原、因子VII、IX和X)至关重要。维生素K拮抗剂会抑制这些因子的正常活化,导致严重程度各异的出血表现。长效维生素K拮抗剂或超级华法林最初是作为灭鼠剂开发的,与华法林相比,其半衰期明显更长,效力更强。超级华法林中毒呈现出典型的临床症状和病程,但如果没有明确的摄入史,其诊断可能具有挑战性。我们描述了一例健康的67岁男性病例,该患者因孤立性凝血病出现出血倾向和严重贫血。实验室检查显示凝血时间延长,维生素K依赖的凝血因子水平极低。所有其他潜在病因均被排除,尽管我们无法明确证实其有明确的接触史,但仍推测为超级华法林中毒。他接受了两个月的高剂量维生素K补充治疗,直至凝血时间恢复正常。停用维生素K四个月后,他仍无症状,实验室检查也无变化。对于出现出血倾向和凝血病的患者,其管理可能具有挑战性。逐步诊断方法有助于做出正确诊断,即使没有摄入史,也应考虑长效维生素K拮抗剂中毒的可能。必须尽快开始高剂量维生素K治疗,这可能会挽救生命。