Cutting-edge tools for unveiling the dynamics of plasmid-host interactions.

The plasmid-mediated transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in complex microbiomes presents a significant global health challenge. This review examines recent technological advancements that have enabled us to move beyond the limitations of culture-dependent detection of conjugation and have enhanced our ability to track and understand the movement of ARGs in real-world scenarios. We critically assess the applications of single-cell sequencing, fluorescence-based techniques and advanced high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) approaches in elucidating plasmid-host interactions at unprecedented resolution. We also evaluate emerging techniques such as CRISPR-based phage engineering and discuss their potential for developing targeted strategies to curb ARG dissemination. Emerging data derived from these technologies have challenged our previous paradigms on plasmid-host compatibility and an awareness of an emerging uncharted realm for ARGs.