Valitutti Francesco, Mennini Maurizio, Monacelli Gianluca, Fagiolari Giulia, Piccirillo Marisa, Di Nardo Giovanni, Di Cara Giuseppe
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy.
Front Allergy. 2025 Jan 9;5:1505834. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1505834. eCollection 2024.
The gut barrier encompasses several interactive, physical, and functional components, such as the gut microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelial layer and the gut mucosal immunity. All these contribute to homeostasis in a well-regulated manner. Nevertheless, this frail balance might be disrupted for instance by westernized dietary habits, infections, pollution or exposure to antibiotics, thus diminishing protective immunity and leading to the onset of chronic diseases. Several gaps of knowledge still exist as regards this multi-level interaction. In this review we aim to summarize current evidence linking food antigens, microbiota and gut permeability interference in diverse disease conditions such as celiac disease (CeD), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), food allergies (FA), eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder (EOGID) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Specific food elimination diets are recommended for CeD, NCWS, FA and in some cases for EOGID. Undoubtfully, each of these conditions is very different and quite unique, albeit food antigens/compounds, intestinal permeability and specific microbiota signatures orchestrate immune response and decide clinical outcomes for all of them.
肠道屏障由几个相互作用的物理和功能组件组成，如肠道微生物群、黏液层、上皮层和肠道黏膜免疫。所有这些都以良好调节的方式有助于体内平衡。然而，这种脆弱的平衡可能会因例如西化的饮食习惯、感染、污染或接触抗生素而被打破，从而削弱保护性免疫并导致慢性病的发作。关于这种多层次的相互作用，仍然存在一些知识空白。在这篇综述中，我们旨在总结当前证据，这些证据将食物抗原、微生物群和肠道通透性干扰与多种疾病状况联系起来，如乳糜泻（CeD）、非乳糜泻小麦敏感（NCWS）、食物过敏（FA）、嗜酸性胃肠道疾病（EOGID）和肠易激综合征（IBS）。对于CeD、NCWS、FA以及在某些情况下对于EOGID，推荐采用特定的食物排除饮食。毫无疑问，尽管食物抗原/化合物、肠道通透性和特定的微生物群特征会协调免疫反应并决定所有这些疾病的临床结果，但这些病症中的每一种都非常不同且相当独特。
