Jahromi Abdolreza Sotoodeh, Jokar Mohammad, Abdous Arman, Rabiee Mohammad Hasan, Biglo Farzad Heydari Bahman, Rahmanian Vahid
Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Int Health. 2025 Jul 1;17(4):403-415. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaf002.
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a derivative of aflatoxin B1 and a significant contaminant of milk and dairy products. In this study, we implemented an umbrella review of all existing systematic reviews and meta-analyzing studies to apprise and summarize the worldwide prevalence and level of AFM1 in milk and dairy products.
We conducted a systematic review of structured review and meta-analysis articles published in English until January 2024, with no time limit. Articles were sourced from reputable databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Relevant studies from Google Scholar were also included.
The overall prevalence of AFM1 in all dairy products was 66.2% (95% CI 60.6 to 71.9%), with high heterogeneity (I²=99.7%, Q statistic=2221.03, p<0.0001). The prevalence for specific dairy products was as follows: raw milk, 64.8% (95% CI 60.9 to 68.7%); pasteurized milk, 88.7% (95% CI 81.6 to 95.7%); sterilized milk, 71.0% (95% CI 67.2 to 74.8%); ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk, 67.9% (95% CI 64.9 to 70.9%); yogurt, 58.8% (95% CI 42.5 to 75.1%); doogh, 17.2% (95% CI 13.9 to 20.5%); and cheese 49.8% (95% CI 47.8 to 51.9%). The overall mean concentration of AFM1 across all dairy products was 57.22 ng/kg (95% CI 46.95 to 67.49), with significant heterogeneity (I²=99.7%, Q statistic=2221.03, p<0.0001). Mean AFM1 levels (ng/kg) for each dairy product were as follows: raw milk, 52.51 (95% CI 40.96 to 64.05); pasteurized milk, 71.14 (95% CI 48.81 to 93.47); sterilized milk, 60.10 (95% CI 30.90 to 89.30); UHT milk, 82.57 (95% CI 35.30 to 129.85); yogurt, 46.74 (95% CI 24.27 to 69.21); and doogh, 41.60 (95% CI 32.60 to 50.60).
In total, these results highlight the importance of increasing the regulation of animal feed, reducing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in animal feed, and monitoring AFM1 in dairy products, particularly raw and heated milk.
黄曲霉毒素M1（AFM1）是黄曲霉毒素B1的衍生物，是牛奶和乳制品的重要污染物。在本研究中，我们对所有现有的系统评价和荟萃分析研究进行了综合评价，以了解和总结全球牛奶和乳制品中AFM1的流行情况和含量水平。
我们对截至2024年1月以英文发表的结构化综述和荟萃分析文章进行了系统评价，无时间限制。文章来源于知名数据库，包括PubMed/MEDLINE、EMBASE、Scopus、Web of Science、CINAHL和Cochrane系统评价数据库。还纳入了来自谷歌学术的相关研究。
所有乳制品中AFM1的总体流行率为66.2%（95%CI 60.6至71.9%），异质性较高（I²=99.7%，Q统计量=2221.03，p<0.0001）。特定乳制品的流行率如下：原料奶，64.8%（95%CI 60.9至68.7%）；巴氏杀菌奶，88.7%（95%CI 81.6至95.7%）；灭菌奶，71.0%（95%CI 67.2至74.8%）；超高温处理（UHT）奶，67.9%（95%CI 64.9至70.9%）；酸奶，58.8%（95%CI 42.5至75.1%）；波斯酸奶饮料，17.2%（95%CI 13.9至20.5%）；奶酪，49.8%（95%CI 47.8至51.9%）。所有乳制品中AFM1的总体平均浓度为57.22 ng/kg（95%CI 46.95至67.49），异质性显著（I²=99.7%，Q统计量=2221.03，p<0.0001）。每种乳制品的AFM1平均水平（ng/kg）如下：原料奶，52.51（95%CI 40.96至64.05）；巴氏杀菌奶，71.14（95%CI 48.81至93.47）；灭菌奶，60.10（95%CI 30.90至89.30）；UHT奶，82.57（95%CI 35.30至129.85）；酸奶，46.74（95%CI 24.27至69.21）；波斯酸奶饮料；41.60（95%CI 32.60至50.60）。
总体而言，这些结果凸显了加强动物饲料监管、降低动物饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）含量以及监测乳制品尤其是原料奶和加热奶中AFM1的重要性。
