Hermankova Barbora, Javorkova Eliska, Palacka Katerina, Holan Vladimir
Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Cell Transplant. 2025 Jan-Dec;34:9636897241312798. doi: 10.1177/09636897241312798.
The eye represents a highly specialized organ, with its main function being to convert light signals into electrical impulses. Any damage or disease of the eye induces a local inflammatory reaction that could be harmful for the specialized ocular cells. Therefore, the eye developed several immunoregulatory mechanisms which protect the ocular structures against deleterious immune reactions. This protection is ensured by the production of a variety of immunosuppressive molecules, which create the immune privilege of the eye. In addition, ocular cells are potent producers of numerous growth and trophic factors which support the survival and regeneration of diseased and damaged cells. If the immune privilege of the eye is interrupted and the regulatory mechanisms are not sufficiently effective, the eye disease can progress and result in worsening of vision or even blindness. In such cases, external immunotherapeutic interventions are needed. One perspective possibility of treatment is represented by mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy. MSCs, which can be administered intraocularly or locally into diseased site, are potent producers of various immunoregulatory and regenerative molecules. The main advantages of MSC therapy include the safety of the treatment, the possibility to use autologous (patient's own) cells, and observations that the therapeutic properties of MSCs can be intentionally regulated by external factors during their preparation. In this review, we provide a survey of the immunoregulatory and regenerative mechanisms in the eye and describe the therapeutic potential of MSC application for corneal damages and retinal diseases.
眼睛是一个高度特化的器官，其主要功能是将光信号转化为电脉冲。眼睛的任何损伤或疾病都会引发局部炎症反应，这可能对眼部特化细胞有害。因此，眼睛发展出了几种免疫调节机制，以保护眼部结构免受有害免疫反应的影响。这种保护是通过产生多种免疫抑制分子来实现的，这些分子赋予了眼睛免疫赦免权。此外，眼部细胞能大量产生多种生长和营养因子，以支持患病和受损细胞的存活与再生。如果眼睛的免疫赦免被打破，且调节机制不够有效，眼部疾病就会进展，导致视力恶化甚至失明。在这种情况下，就需要外部免疫治疗干预。间充质基质/干细胞（MSC）疗法是一种有前景的治疗可能性。MSC可通过眼内注射或局部注射到患病部位，它能大量产生多种免疫调节和再生分子。MSC疗法的主要优点包括治疗的安全性、使用自体（患者自身）细胞的可能性，以及在制备过程中可通过外部因素有意调节MSC治疗特性的观察结果。在本综述中，我们概述了眼睛中的免疫调节和再生机制，并描述了MSC应用于角膜损伤和视网膜疾病的治疗潜力。
