Małajowicz Jolanta, Fabiszewska Agata, Zieniuk Bartłomiej, Bryś Joanna, Kozłowska Mariola, Marciniak-Lukasiak Katarzyna
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Str. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Str. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Foods. 2025 Jan 9;14(2):187. doi: 10.3390/foods14020187.
Oil cakes are biomass wastes created by pressing oil from oilseeds. Their chemical composition (including high fat or protein content, a favorable fatty acid profile, and a high proportion of unsaturated acids) makes them valuable raw materials not only in animal feeding but are increasingly gaining popularity in biotechnological processes. This article examines the possibility of valorizing oil cakes using the lipid fraction extracted from them or their raw form in a two-pot biosynthesis process of GDDL-a cyclic ester with a creamy-peach aroma. This study tested five types of oil cakes (hemp seeds, rapeseed, safflower, camelina, and flax), analyzing their physicochemical composition and the fatty acid profile of their lipid fraction. Due to the high content of oleic acid (over 62% lipid fraction) and the wide availability, rapeseed cake was used in the biotransformation process. The synthesis of GDDL involved a three-step process: hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, hydration of oleic acid (via lactic acid bacteria in anaerobic conditions), and β-oxidation (via yeast, aerobic process). The analysis showed that it is possible to produce because of the two-pot biotransformation of approximately 1.7 g of GDDL/dm. These results highlight the process's potential and justify the feasibility of waste valorization. The proposed biotransformation requires optimization and is a good example of the application of the circular economy in food processing and waste management.
油饼是通过压榨油籽制取油后产生的生物质废弃物。它们的化学成分（包括高脂肪或高蛋白含量、良好的脂肪酸组成以及高比例的不饱和酸）使其不仅成为动物饲料中有价值的原材料，而且在生物技术过程中越来越受欢迎。本文研究了在一种具有奶油桃子香气的环状酯GDDL的两阶段生物合成过程中，利用从油饼中提取的脂质部分或其原始形式来实现油饼增值的可能性。本研究测试了五种油饼（大麻籽、油菜籽、红花籽、亚麻荠和亚麻籽），分析了它们的物理化学组成及其脂质部分的脂肪酸组成。由于油酸含量高（脂质部分超过62%）且来源广泛，油菜籽饼被用于生物转化过程。GDDL的合成涉及三个步骤：三酰甘油的水解、油酸的水合作用（通过乳酸菌在厌氧条件下进行）以及β-氧化（通过酵母，需氧过程）。分析表明，通过两阶段生物转化，有可能每天生产约1.7克GDDL/dm³。这些结果突出了该过程的潜力，并证明了废弃物增值的可行性。所提出的生物转化需要优化，是循环经济在食品加工和废弃物管理中应用的一个很好的例子。
