Progress in research on organic photovoltaic acceptor materials.

In the past two decades, organic solar cells (OSCs) have begun to attract attention as the efficiency of inorganic solar cells gradually approaches the theoretical limit. In the early development stage of OSCs, p-type conjugated polymers and n-type fullerene derivatives were the most commonly used electron donors and acceptors. However, with further research, the shortcomings of fullerene materials have become increasingly apparent. In recent years, non-fullerene acceptor materials, including small molecules and polymers, have emerged as promising alternatives to fullerene derivatives. This review summarizes various types of acceptor materials in OSCs and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each.