Pernett Frank, Schagatay Erika, Holmström Pontus
Department of Health Sciences, Environmental Physiology Group, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
Front Physiol. 2025 Jan 13;15:1515232. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1515232. eCollection 2024.
Breath-hold diving performances are typically better in men than in women. However, it is still being determined if there are differences in the physiological responses to breath-holding between the sexes. We conducted a study comparing the maximum breath-hold duration, heart rate (HR) reduction, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO), and spleen volume and contraction in 37 men and 44 women, all of whom had no prior breath-holding experience. They performed two dry apneas separated by 2 min; the first was limited to 60 s, followed by a maximal effort apnea. HR and SpO were measured continuously. Spleen diameters were measured via ultrasonography before and immediately following each apnea. The maximal apneic duration was longer in men (78 ± 19 s) compared with women (61 ± 18 s, p < 0.001), while the HR reduction was similar (women: 16% ± 19% versus men: 16% ± 17%, p = 0.973). The absolute splenic contraction was greater in men (59 ± 56 mL) compared with women (35 ± 28 mL, p < 0.001) in the first apnea, while the relative contraction was similar (women: 21% ± 17% versus men: 23% ± 13%, p = 0.528). In addition, the lowest SpO during the maximal apnea was similar between sexes (women: 93.3% ± 4.4%; men: 91.9% ± 4.3%, p = 0.161). We conclude that men have larger spleen size and contraction, lung size, and maximal apneic duration than women. The cardiovascular diving response is similar between sexes for those inexperienced with apneic diving. The longer breath-hold duration in men may be partly due to greater oxygen storage capacity, which results from larger vital capacity and greater spleen size and contraction.
屏气潜水表现通常男性优于女性。然而，两性在屏气生理反应上是否存在差异仍有待确定。我们进行了一项研究，比较了37名男性和44名女性的最大屏气时长、心率（HR）降低幅度、外周血氧饱和度（SpO）以及脾脏体积和收缩情况，所有受试者此前均无屏气经验。他们进行了两次间隔2分钟的干式屏气；第一次限制在60秒，随后进行一次最大努力的屏气。连续测量HR和SpO。每次屏气前后通过超声测量脾脏直径。男性的最大屏气时长（78±19秒）比女性（61±18秒，p<0.001）更长，而HR降低幅度相似（女性：16%±19%，男性：16%±17%，p = 0.973）。在第一次屏气时，男性的脾脏绝对收缩量（59±56毫升）比女性（35±28毫升，p<0.001）更大，而相对收缩幅度相似（女性：21%±17%，男性：23%±13%，p = 0.528）。此外，最大屏气期间的最低SpO在两性之间相似（女性：93.3%±4.4%；男性：91.9%±4.3%，p = 0.161）。我们得出结论，男性比女性具有更大的脾脏大小和收缩幅度、肺容量以及最大屏气时长。对于无屏气潜水经验的人来说，两性的心血管潜水反应相似。男性更长的屏气时长可能部分归因于更大的氧气储存能力，这是由更大的肺活量以及更大的脾脏大小和收缩幅度导致的。
