Emerging Research and Future Directions on Doxorubicin: A Snapshot.

Doxorubicin, a widely used anthracycline antibiotic, has been a cornerstone in cancer chemotherapy since the 1960s. In addition to doxorubicin, anthracycline chemotherapy medications include daunorubicin, idarubicin, and epirubicin. For many years, doxorubicin has been the chemotherapy drug of choice for treating a broad variety of cancers. Despite its efficacy, doxorubicin therapy is hindered by serious side effects, primarily cardiotoxicity, and the challenges of drug resistance. Recent research has focused on optimizing doxorubicin's therapeutic index by developing cardioprotective strategies, such as dexrazoxane, and utilizing non-invasive monitoring techniques to reduce cardiac risk. To counteract drug resistance, innovative formulations like nanoparticle-based delivery systems, enhance targeted drug delivery and overcome cellular resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, using combination approaches involving immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and genetic modulation, offer promising synergies to maximize tumor eradication. Personalized approaches, supported by pharmacogenomics and predictive biomarkers, are enhancing individualized treatment regimens, aiming to increase effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Future research on doxorubicin focuses on developing advanced drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticle and liposomal formulations, to enhance targeted delivery, minimize systemic toxicity, and improve therapeutic precision. Efforts are also underway to design combination therapies that integrate doxorubicin with immunotherapies, photodynamic approaches, and gene-based treatments, aiming to overcome resistance and increase tumor-specific effects. These advancements signify a transition toward more personalized and effective doxorubicin-based cancer therapies, prioritizing reduced side effects and improved patient outcomes. This article focusses on the ongoing innovations aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin while addressing its limitations.