Revising the coal mining CH emission factor based on multiple inventories and atmospheric inversion approach at one of the world's largest coal production areas: Shanxi province, China.

Methane (CH) emissions from the coal industry represent a substantial portion of anthropogenic CH emissions from energy-related activities. China ranks as the world's largest coal producer, where Shanxi Province is one of its major coal production regions and accounts for 20.7 % of the national total coal production. The inherent variability in coal properties, geological conditions, and mining techniques across coal mines introduces significant fluctuations in CH emission characteristics and emission factors (EFs), creating considerable uncertainty when estimating CH emissions in this major coal mining region using traditional emission inventories, thereby introducing large bias in estimating national total CH emissions of China. In this study, we applied a top-down approach to estimate CH emissions in the Taiyuan-Jinzhong Metropolitan (TJM) area of Shanxi Province, using atmospheric CH concentration observed from a 30-meter tower between March 2018 and February 2019. Building upon our previous work, we integrated five emission inventories-EDGAR, GFEI-coal, PRO-coal, GFEI-fuel, and a satellite-based CH emission product-with two inversion methods. Additionally, satellite xCH data were utilized to identify significant emission outliers, which were then calibrated when estimating the CH emission and EF for the region. Our results revealed notable disparities in the magnitude of CH emissions among the five inventories for the TJM region. After applying the MSF and SFBI methods to constrain the prior emission inventories, the posterior CH emissions for the TJM region were estimated at 1.1 × 10 t, 1.0 × 10 t, 1.1 × 10 t, 1.3 × 10 t, and 1.5 × 10 t, respectively, across the five inventories. The derived coal mine CH EF for the TJM region was 9.6 (±1.35) m/t, significantly lower than the previously reported value of 23.2 (±4.9) m/t, highlighting the substantial impact of emission outliers on posterior CH emissions. A comparative analysis with EFs from other studies demonstrated that this value closely aligns with the EF values for coal with low CH content. However, it is important to note that substantial regional variability of coal mining activities can result in significant uncertainty in EFs across different areas. Therefore, we underscore the necessity of establishing a more extensive atmospheric CH observation network to enhance the assessment of regional variations in CH EFs and emissions from coal mining activities.