Batista Rafael Loch, Oliveira Luciana Mattos Barros
Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Clínica Médica São PauloSP Brasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Genética Hormonal e Molecular (LIM/42), Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo São PauloSP Brasil Unidade de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Nov 6;68(Spec Issue):e240232. doi: 10.20945/2359-4292-2024-0232. eCollection 2024.
Gender identity refers to one's psychological sense of their own gender. Establishing gender identity is a complex phenomenon, and the diversity of gender expression challenges simplistic or unified explanations. For this reason, the extent to which it is determined by nature (biological) or nurture (social) is still debatable. The biological basis of gender identity cannot be modeled in animals and is best studied in people who identify with a gender that is different from the sex of their genitals such as transgender people and people with disorders/differences of sex development. Numerous research studies have delved into unraveling the intricate interplay of hormonal, neuroanatomic/neurofunctional, and genetic factors in the complex development of core gender identity. In this review, we explore and consolidate existing research that provides insights into the biological foundations of gender identity, enhancing our understanding of this intriguing human psychological trait.
性别认同是指一个人对自己性别的心理认知。确立性别认同是一个复杂的现象，性别表达的多样性对简单化或统一的解释构成了挑战。因此，它在多大程度上由天性（生物学因素）或养育（社会因素）决定仍存在争议。性别认同的生物学基础无法在动物身上建模，最好在那些认同与自己生殖器性别不同的性别的人身上进行研究，比如跨性别者以及性发育障碍/差异者。众多研究致力于揭示激素、神经解剖学/神经功能以及基因因素在核心性别认同复杂发展过程中的错综复杂的相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们探索并整合了现有的研究，这些研究为性别认同的生物学基础提供了见解，增进了我们对这一引人入胜的人类心理特征的理解。
