Kaur Ranjot, Patil Vaibhav, Agarwal Ayush, Srivastava Achal K, Garg Divyani
Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2025 Mar 1;28(2):169-177. doi: 10.4103/aian.aian_657_24. Epub 2025 Jan 29.
"Tardive syndrome" is an umbrella term for a group of drug-induced movement disorders associated with the prolonged use of mainly dopamine receptor blockers and also other medications. Early recognition followed by gradual withdrawal of the incriminating drug may lead to reversal, although not in all patients. Tardive syndromes are usually mixed movement disorders, with specific phenotypes, which may lead to severe disability. The pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Treatment ranges from medical options, particularly dopamine-depleting agents and chemodenervation (botulinum toxin), to surgical options (deep brain stimulation and lesioning surgeries). Most studies that focused on treatment are limited by small patient numbers. Unfortunately, tardive syndromes often remain under-recognized in clinical practice. This article reviews the historical aspects, epidemiology and risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical phenotypes, and management of tardive syndromes.
“迟发性综合征”是一组与长期使用主要为多巴胺受体阻滞剂及其他药物相关的药物性运动障碍的统称。早期识别并逐渐停用致病药物可能会使症状逆转，不过并非所有患者都如此。迟发性综合征通常是混合性运动障碍，具有特定的表型，可能导致严重残疾。其病理生理学仍未完全明确。治疗方法包括药物治疗，特别是多巴胺耗竭剂和化学去神经支配（肉毒杆菌毒素），以及手术治疗（深部脑刺激和毁损手术）。大多数专注于治疗的研究因患者数量少而受到限制。不幸的是，迟发性综合征在临床实践中常常未得到充分认识。本文综述了迟发性综合征的历史背景、流行病学和危险因素、病理生理学、诊断标准、临床表型及治疗方法。
