Sonia Romisha, Shaheen Shabnum, Waheed Muhammad, Imran Sana, Haq Shiekh Marifatul, Muhammad Murad, Hashem Abeer, Al Shehri Samiha, Abd-Allah Elsayed Fathi
Deprtment of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, 51360, Pakistan.
BMC Plant Biol. 2025 Jan 30;25(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-06098-5.
The present research work was done to evaluate the anatomical differences among selected species of the family Bignoniaceae, as limited anatomical data is available for this family in Pakistan. Bignoniaceae is a remarkable family for its various medicinal properties and anatomical characterization is an important feature for the identification and classification of plants.
In this study, several anatomical structures were examined, including stomata type and shape, leaf epidermis shape, epidermal cell size, and the presence or absence of trichomes and crystals (e.g., prisms, raphides, and druses). Three statistical tools-heat map analysis, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA)-were used to highlight distinctions and similarities among the species.
On both the upper and lower leaf surfaces, polygonal, irregular, and hexagonal epidermal cells with thick cell walls were observed. Three patterns of anticlinal cell walls were detected: curved, straight, and sinuous. Distinct stomatal types were also identified across the different species. For instance, sunken stomata were observed in Kigelia africana and Jacaranda mimosaefolia, while anomocytic stomata were found in Oroxylum indicum, Pyrostegia venusta, Tecoma stans, Tecomella undulata, Mansoa alliacea, Heterophragma adenophylla, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Campsis radicans, and Anemopaegma chamberlaynii. Paracytic stomata were examined in B. callistegioides and Dolichandra unguis-cati. Tabebuia aurea was the only species with Tetracytic stomata. A contiguous type of stomata was only observed in Millingtonia hortensis. This family contained three types of trichomes. Glandular peltate trichomes contained a basal epidermal cell, a very small monocellular stalk and a circular or round multicellular head containing 12 cells arranged in a single circle. Non-glandular trichomes had a thin apex without a head and a pointed end. Branched trichomes contained several arms arising from a common base.
This anatomical examination, using advanced microscopic techniques, is the first to classify several species that are not listed in the e-flora of Pakistan. Leaf anatomical research has proven valuable in resolving challenging taxonomic issues.
开展本研究工作是为了评估紫葳科选定物种之间的解剖学差异，因为巴基斯坦关于该科的解剖学数据有限。紫葳科因其多种药用特性而引人注目，解剖学特征对于植物的鉴定和分类而言是一个重要特征。
在本研究中，对几种解剖结构进行了检查，包括气孔类型和形状、叶片表皮形状、表皮细胞大小以及是否存在毛状体和晶体（例如棱柱体、针晶体和簇晶）。使用了三种统计工具——热图分析、相关性分析和主成分分析（PCA）——来突出物种之间的差异和相似性。
在叶片的上表面和下表面，均观察到具有厚细胞壁的多边形、不规则形和六边形表皮细胞。检测到三种垂周细胞壁模式：弯曲的、直的和波状的。在不同物种中还鉴定出了不同的气孔类型。例如，在非洲吊灯树和蓝花楹中观察到下陷气孔，而在印度木蝴蝶、连理藤、黄钟花、羽叶紫葳、蒜香藤、腺叶异翅香、锈毛风铃木、美国凌霄和南美角钟花中发现了不规则型气孔。在美丽凌霄和猫爪藤中检查到平行型气孔。金黄风铃木是唯一具有四轮列型气孔的物种。仅在灰莉中观察到相邻型气孔。该科包含三种类型的毛状体。盾状腺毛包含一个基部表皮细胞、一个非常小的单细胞柄和一个圆形或圆形的多细胞头部，头部由12个细胞排列成单圈。非腺毛顶端较细，没有头部，末端尖锐。分枝毛包含从共同基部生出的几个臂。
这项使用先进显微镜技术进行的解剖学检查首次对巴基斯坦电子植物志中未列出的几个物种进行了分类。叶片解剖学研究已证明在解决具有挑战性的分类学问题方面具有价值。
