Susetyo Septian Hadi, Abidin Azham Umar, Sano Kyosuke, Yoneda Minoru, Matsui Yasuto
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 5;14:101899. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101899. eCollection 2025 Jun.
The Ijen crater volcano (ICV) is one of the active volcanoes with unique environmental conditions; it is the largest lake in the world with the most extreme acidity and a blue fire phenomenon and releases toxic volcanic gases, including dangerous sulfur dioxide (SO₂). It has an impact on the environment and ecosystem. This research aimed to investigate the blue fire phenomena and toxic gas SO and characterize the environmental conditions and health effects of the ICV. The method used in this research involved carrying out an SO concentration using an impinger in 32-point sampling around the Inje crater volcano. The environment was characterized based on self-observation, station observation, interviews, and reliable literature data. The health effect was measured based on the threshold level value based on local and global regulations. This research shows that the characteristics of the ICV include a crater lake with a depth of up to 200 m and a diameter of ± 900 m with pH values less than 1. Then, the source of SO comes from the reaction of magma with volcanic gas. the blue fire phenomenon, which occurs in certain situations, frequently adds to the natural wonder of the ICV. In addition, the distribution of SO concentrations ranges from 480 to 6960 ppb. Next, almost the Hazard Quotion (HQ) > 1 every point sampling. This means that the SO concentration and HQ exceed the threshold value affecting human activities.
伊真火山口火山（ICV）是具有独特环境条件的活火山之一；它是世界上最大的湖泊，酸度极高，有蓝色火焰现象，并释放包括危险的二氧化硫（SO₂）在内的有毒火山气体。它对环境和生态系统有影响。本研究旨在调查蓝色火焰现象和有毒气体SO，并描述ICV的环境条件和健康影响。本研究采用的方法包括在伊真火山口火山周围32个采样点使用冲击式气体采样器进行SO浓度测定。基于自我观察、站点观测、访谈和可靠的文献数据对环境进行了描述。根据当地和全球法规的阈值水平对健康影响进行了测量。本研究表明，ICV的特征包括一个深度达200米、直径约900米的火山口湖，pH值小于1。然后，SO的来源是岩浆与火山气体的反应。在某些情况下出现的蓝色火焰现象，常常增添了ICV的自然奇观。此外，SO浓度分布范围为480至6960 ppb。接下来，几乎每个采样点的危害商数（HQ）>1。这意味着SO浓度和HQ超过了影响人类活动的阈值。
