Susetyo Septian Hadi, Abidin Azham Umar, Nagaya Taiki, Kato Nobuyuki, Matsui Yasuto
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
Toxicol Rep. 2024 Oct 16;13:101772. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101772. eCollection 2024 Dec.
The Ijen Crater volcano is one of the geological wonders recognized by UNESCO. Inside it is a blue lake with a high acidity level, and a blue fire phenomenon has formed due to the very high concentration of sulfur. This crater is also one of Indonesia's largest sources of sulfur and is used by locals as a traditional sulfur mine. This study aims to measure SO concentrations and assess the health risks of SO exposure in traditional sulfur mine workers. The SO measurements were taken using impingers at six sample points along the mine workers' path. In addition, anthropometric data, work activity patterns, and health complaints during work were collected through direct interviews with 30 respondents selected based on inclusion criteria. Short-Term Health Impact Method was carried out based on a comparison of threshold level values and acute effects obtained from interviews regarding health complaints. The Hazard Question Index (HQ Index) of SO exposure was calculated using the health risk assessment method. The SO concentrations between 3.14 and 18.24 mg/m. All sample points were above the quality standard threshold set by the EPA of 1.97 mg/m. The most common health complaints workers experienced were eye irritation and coughing while working, followed by headache, shortness of breath, and skin irritation. The HQ index of SO exposure in workers was 1.02 for real-time exposure and 2.15 for long-term exposure. An HQ index ≥ 1 indicates a potential health risk for workers. Therefore, it is important to control workers' SO exposure.
伊真火山口是联合国教科文组织认可的地质奇观之一。其内部有一个酸度很高的蓝色湖泊，由于硫的浓度极高，形成了蓝色火焰现象。这个火山口也是印度尼西亚最大的硫来源之一，被当地人用作传统硫矿。本研究旨在测量传统硫矿工人接触二氧化硫（SO）的浓度，并评估接触SO的健康风险。使用冲击式气体采样器在矿工工作路径上的六个采样点进行SO测量。此外，通过对根据纳入标准选取的30名受访者进行直接访谈，收集人体测量数据、工作活动模式以及工作期间的健康投诉情况。基于阈值水平值与从健康投诉访谈中获得的急性影响的比较，采用短期健康影响方法。使用健康风险评估方法计算SO接触的危害问题指数（HQ指数）。SO浓度在3.14至18.24毫克/立方米之间。所有采样点均高于美国环境保护局设定的1.97毫克/立方米的质量标准阈值。工人最常见的健康投诉是工作时眼睛刺激和咳嗽，其次是头痛、呼吸急促和皮肤刺激。工人SO接触的实时HQ指数为1.02，长期HQ指数为2.15。HQ指数≥1表明工人存在潜在健康风险。因此，控制工人接触SO很重要。
