Aspergillus spp., aspergillosis and azole usage in animal species in Europe: Results from a multisectoral survey and review of recent literature.

Aspergillosis in humans and animals is caused by certain Aspergillus spp. and can be treated with fungicide azoles. Treatment in animals is often long and complicated by the lack of registered products, species-specific pharmacodynamics, side effects, and withdrawal periods for animal products. The emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. isolates from human, environmental, and avian samples is alarming, requiring multisectoral attention and a One Health approach. Recent information on the prevalence and impact of aspergillosis in animals, and the use of fungicide azoles in their treatment is however lacking. In this study, we collected and analysed data on the occurrence of aspergillosis and/or presence of Aspergillus spp., and the use of fungicide azoles in animal categories in Europe over the last decade, by means of an international survey and literature review. Thirty-three survey responses were included, from respondents with various professional backgrounds. Fifty-eight articles were included for literature review, of which 90% contained information on the presence of Aspergillus spp. in diseased or healthy animals and 38% on the veterinary use of azoles. Results were consistent: the presence of Aspergillus spp. and related disease, and the use of fungicide azoles were most frequently reported in 'companion animals' and 'zoo animals and wildlife'. Considering the limitations in interpreting the obtained results and the lack of available data, more consistent data collection is necessary to accurately estimate the importance of Aspergillus spp. and related diseases, the use of azoles in veterinary medicine, and its relevance in public health.