Selwyn Miriam, Lázaro-González Alba, Lloret Francisco, Rey Benayas José María, Hampe Arndt, Brotons Lluís, Pino Joan, Espelta Josep Maria
CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), E08193, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), E08193, Catalonia, Spain.
INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Feb;375:124360. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124360. Epub 2025 Jan 31.
Rewilding is one approach to restoration that aims at restoring natural self-sustaining ecosystems, allowing natural processes to resume by targeting an increase in trophic complexity, disturbance stochasticity, and dispersal, while minimizing human interventions. These components have also been argued to enhance ecosystem resilience, yet this claim has barely been specifically addressed. We conducted a meta-analysis to explore whether rewilding interventions aimed at increasing biodiversity (i.e., trophic complexity), disturbance stochasticity or connectivity increase ecosystem resilience to future abiotic and biotic disturbances. We integrated two recently developed operational frameworks to address rewilding and resilience and scrutinized the outcomes of 42 case studies (305 observations). We found that, overall, the three abovementioned rewilding components increased resilience of variables related to demography, biodiversity, biophysical characteristics and the disturbance regime characteristics (70% of observations). Yet, this result was influenced by the nature of the disturbance and the resilience approach, with lower success reported for abiotic disturbances (drought and fire) and social-ecological resilience. While interventions targeting only disturbance stochasticity or biodiversity and disturbance stochasticity together showed positive effects, interventions targeting the trophic complexity alone contributed less to system variables related to biodiversity. The most common rewilding interventions, such as domestic and wild herbivore introductions and invasive plant removals, enhanced resilience towards biotic disturbances (i.e., invasions). We also found that some particular resilience contexts (social-ecological systems) lack sufficient observations to allow clear conclusions. Overall, our results empirically demonstrate the predominantly positive effects of rewilding on ecosystem resilience, underpinning the potential of this approach for preparing ecosystems for the uncertain effects of increasing climate change and associated disturbances yet acknowledging some limitations depending on the nature of the disturbance.
野化是一种恢复方法，旨在恢复自然自我维持的生态系统，通过增加营养复杂性、干扰随机性和扩散来让自然过程恢复，同时尽量减少人类干预。也有人认为这些要素能增强生态系统恢复力，但这一说法几乎未得到具体探讨。我们进行了一项荟萃分析，以探究旨在增加生物多样性（即营养复杂性）、干扰随机性或连通性的野化干预措施是否能提高生态系统对未来非生物和生物干扰的恢复力。我们整合了两个最近开发的操作框架来处理野化和恢复力问题，并仔细研究了42个案例研究（305个观测结果）的结果。我们发现，总体而言，上述三个野化要素提高了与人口统计学、生物多样性、生物物理特征和干扰 regime 特征相关变量的恢复力（70%的观测结果）。然而，这一结果受到干扰性质和恢复力方法的影响，非生物干扰（干旱和火灾）和社会 - 生态恢复力的成功率较低。虽然仅针对干扰随机性或生物多样性与干扰随机性同时进行的干预显示出积极效果，但仅针对营养复杂性的干预对与生物多样性相关的系统变量贡献较小。最常见的野化干预措施，如引入家养和野生食草动物以及清除入侵植物，增强了对生物干扰（即入侵）的恢复力。我们还发现，一些特定的恢复力情境（社会 - 生态系统）缺乏足够的观测结果，无法得出明确结论。总体而言，我们的结果通过实证证明了野化对生态系统恢复力的主要积极影响，为这种方法在让生态系统为气候变化加剧和相关干扰的不确定影响做准备方面的潜力提供了支持，但也承认取决于干扰性质存在一些局限性。
