Du Meiheng, Li Sihong, Jiang Jun, Ma Xiang, Liu Lu, Wang Tao, Zhang Jufang, Niu Dong
College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211300, China.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Feb 20;148:114185. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114185. Epub 2025 Feb 1.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder distinguished by the infiltration of immune cells into pancreatic islets, primarily resulting in damage to pancreatic β-cells. Despite extensive research, the precise pathogenesis of T1D remains elusive, with its etiology linked to a complex interplay of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. While genetic predispositions, such as HLA and other susceptibility genes, are necessary, they do not fully account for disease development. Environmental influences such as viral infections and dietary factors may contribute to the disease by affecting the immune system and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) might play a role in T1D pathogenesis. Current therapeutic approaches, including insulin replacement therapy, immune omodulatory therapy, autoantigen immunotherapy, organ transplantation, and genetic modification, offer potential to alter disease progression but are still constrained by limitations. This review presents updated knowledge on T1D, with a focus on risk factors, predisposing hypotheses, and recent advancements in therapeutic strategies.
1型糖尿病（T1D）是一种复杂的自身免疫性疾病，其特征是免疫细胞浸润到胰岛，主要导致胰腺β细胞受损。尽管进行了广泛的研究，但T1D的确切发病机制仍然难以捉摸，其病因与遗传、免疫和环境因素的复杂相互作用有关。虽然遗传易感性，如HLA和其他易感基因是必要的，但它们并不能完全解释疾病的发展。病毒感染和饮食因素等环境影响可能通过影响免疫系统和表观遗传修饰而导致该疾病。此外，内源性逆转录病毒（ERVs）可能在T1D发病机制中起作用。目前的治疗方法，包括胰岛素替代疗法、免疫调节疗法、自身抗原免疫疗法、器官移植和基因改造，有可能改变疾病进展，但仍受到限制。本综述介绍了关于T1D的最新知识，重点关注危险因素、易感假说和治疗策略的最新进展。
