Ran Xiao-Yun, Wei Yuan-Feng, Wu Yan-Ling, Dai Li-Rui, Xia Wen-Li, Zhou Pei-Zhi, Li Kun
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
J Mater Chem B. 2025 Feb 26;13(9):2952-2977. doi: 10.1039/d4tb02480j.
Fluorescence imaging and phototherapy in the near-infrared window (NIR, 650-1700 nm) have attracted great attention for biomedical applications due to their minimal invasiveness, ultra-low photon scattering and high spatial-temporal precision. Among NIR emitting/absorbing organic dyes, xanthene derivatives with controllable molecular structures and optical properties, excellent fluorescence quantum yields, high molar absorption coefficients and remarkable chemical stability have been extensively studied and explored in the field of biological theranostics. The present study was aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the progress in the development and design strategies of xanthene derivative fluorophores for advanced biological phototheranostics. This study elucidated several representative controllable strategies, including electronic programming strategies, extension of conjugated backbones, and strategic establishment of activatable fluorophores, which enhance the NIR fluorescence of xanthene backbones. Subsequently, the development of xanthene nanoplatforms based on NIR fluorescence for biological applications was detailed. Overall, this work outlines future efforts and directions for improving NIR xanthene derivatives to meet evolving clinical needs. It is anticipated that this contribution could provide a viable reference for the strategic design of organic NIR fluorophores, thereby enhancing their potential clinical practice in future.
近红外窗口（NIR，650 - 1700 nm）的荧光成像和光疗因其微创性、超低光子散射和高时空精度，在生物医学应用中备受关注。在近红外发射/吸收有机染料中，具有可控分子结构和光学性质、优异荧光量子产率、高摩尔吸收系数和显著化学稳定性的呫吨衍生物，在生物治疗诊断领域得到了广泛研究和探索。本研究旨在全面总结用于先进生物光治疗诊断的呫吨衍生物荧光团的开发和设计策略的进展。该研究阐明了几种代表性的可控策略，包括电子编程策略、共轭主链的延伸以及可激活荧光团的策略性构建，这些策略增强了呫吨主链的近红外荧光。随后，详细介绍了基于近红外荧光的用于生物应用的呫吨纳米平台的开发。总体而言，这项工作概述了为满足不断变化的临床需求而改进近红外呫吨衍生物的未来努力和方向。预计这一贡献可为有机近红外荧光团的战略设计提供可行参考，从而增强其在未来临床实践中的潜力。
