Darzi-Naftchali Abdullah, Berger Markus, Batoukhteh Fereshteh, Motevali Ali
Water Engineering Department, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
Multidisciplinary Water Management Group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
Heliyon. 2025 Jan 16;11(2):e42028. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42028. eCollection 2025 Jan 30.
Enhancing food and water security is crucial, not only by preventing additional burdens on the environment but also by significantly mitigating existing environmental challenges. Dry direct-seeding of rice (DDSR) and yield gap (YG) reduction are effective in enhancing water productivity (WP) and food production. However, their related environmental impacts (EI) have received less attention. This study uses life cycle assessment and farmers' field data to analyze the EI of five rice cultivation-irrigation systems: transplanting with continuous flooding (T-CF), transplanting with alternate wetting and drying (T-AWD), DDSR with drip irrigation (DDSR-D), DDSR with sprinkler irrigation (DDSR-S), and DDSR with furrow irrigation (DDSR-F). Additionally, the energy productivity (EP) and WP of these systems were assessed. An environmental efficiency of YG reduction (EE) index was introduced as the ratio of EI reduction to YG reduction to evaluate the EI of closing YG. DDSR-D significantly reduced water, electricity, diesel fuel, and machinery use by 61-200 %, 14-64 %, 7-98 %, and 13-46 %, respectively. DDSR-D achieved the highest rice yield, which was 3.8 %, 4.4 %, 18.4 %, and 7.7 % higher than T-CF, T-AWD, DDSR-S, and DDSR-F, respectively. Compared with transplanting, DDSR increased EP and WP by 19.2 % and 63.8 %, respectively, and reduced CH and CO emissions by 26.5 % and 95.4 %, respectively. Overall, DDSR-D decreased the total EI by approximately 36.3 %, 13.3 %, 26.7 %, and 3.1 % compared to T-CF, T-AWD, DDSR-S, and DDSR-F, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that EI was most impacted by electricity and diesel fuel consumption. Increasing the minimum yield by 80 %, 143 %, 205 %, 260 %, 310 %, and 322 % resulted in EI reductions of 77.8 %, 115.4 %, 159.2 %, 195.5 %, 209.6 %, and 193.4 %, respectively. The EE index was 0.36 Pt kg for closing YG up to the average yield and 0.04 Pt kg for closing YG from average to maximum yield, indicating that lower yields contribute more to environmental degradation. Based on the results, incorporating YG reduction strategies in DDSR-D can enhance the environmental sustainability of rice production and accelerate progress toward achieving sustainable development goals.
加强粮食和水安全至关重要，这不仅是为了防止给环境带来额外负担，也是为了显著缓解现有的环境挑战。水稻旱直播（DDSR）和缩小产量差距（YG）在提高水分生产率（WP）和粮食产量方面很有效。然而，它们对环境的相关影响（EI）却较少受到关注。本研究使用生命周期评估和农户田间数据，分析了五种水稻种植灌溉系统的EI：持续淹水移栽（T-CF）、干湿交替移栽（T-AWD）、滴灌旱直播（DDSR-D）、喷灌旱直播（DDSR-S）和沟灌旱直播（DDSR-F）。此外，还评估了这些系统的能源生产率（EP）和WP。引入了一个缩小YG的环境效率（EE）指数，即EI降低量与YG降低量之比，以评估缩小YG的EI。DDSR-D分别显著减少了水、电、柴油和机械使用量的61%-200%、14%-64%、7%-98%和13%-46%。DDSR-D实现了最高的水稻产量，分别比T-CF、T-AWD、DDSR-S和DDSR-F高3.8%、4.4%、18.4%和7.7%。与移栽相比，DDSR的EP和WP分别提高了19.2%和63.8%，CH和CO排放量分别减少了26.5%和95.4%。总体而言，与T-CF、T-AWD、DDSR-S和DDSR-F相比，DDSR-D的总EI分别降低了约36.3%、13.3%、26.7%和3.1%。敏感性分析表明，EI受电力和柴油消耗的影响最大。将最低产量提高80%、143%、205%、260%、3 | 0%和322%，EI分别降低了77.8%、115.4%、159.2%、195.5%、209.6%和193.4%。将YG缩小至平均产量的EE指数为0.36 Pt kg，将YG从平均产量缩小至最高产量的EE指数为0.04 Pt kg，这表明较低产量对环境退化的影响更大。基于这些结果，在DDSR-D中纳入缩小YG的策略可以提高水稻生产的环境可持续性，并加速实现可持续发展目标的进程。
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