Relational epistemic humility in the clinical encounter.

Epistemic humility has garnered increased attention in recent years, including within the realm of clinical ethics and is increasingly accepted as an important part of patient-centred practice and clinical care. However, while literature on the topic often states what epistemic humility is , there have been few positive definitions given for the term. Further, these few positive definitions downplay the relational nature of epistemic humility, in other words, the ways in which epistemic humility is developed within the clinical encounter through the relationship between doctor and patient. In this paper, we will present a positive account of epistemic humility, situated in ethical medical education and practice, and show how it can be identified, modelled and cultivated. We provide a character-based account of epistemic humility that emphasises the relational nature of epistemic humility, that is, that views epistemic humility as formed through relationships rather than solely inhering in an individual's internal mental processes or external presentation and which is embedded in a social context such as a clinical encounter.