Epistemic humility meets virtual reality: teaching an old ideal with novel tools.

The pace of scientific advancements in medicine, driven by artificial intelligence as much as by novel biotechnologies, demands an ever-faster update of professional knowledge from physicians and collaboration in interdisciplinary teams. At the same time, the increased heterogeneity of patients' lifeworlds in socially and culturally diverse societies requires healthcare professionals to consider diverging personal and cultural perspectives in their treatment recommendations. Both developments require conveying to students a professional virtue that can be summarised as -a teaching process which, we argue, can and should be supported by novel technologies. By embedding students in realistic scenarios, virtual reality can play a crucial role in teaching medical students a stance of epistemic humility. Such stance implies acknowledging the limitations of one's knowledge as well as taking individual patients' perspectives and experiences seriously. In this sense, epistemic humility can also provide a crucial step towards tackling epistemic injustice and biases in medicine. We discuss how teaching epistemic humility with virtual reality tools can succeed and suggest the development of novel teaching tools that make use of this technology to immersively enable moral growth. Our paper thereby contributes to the emerging field of digital bioethics, calls for more work in the area of experimental bioethics and informs ongoing debates on how medical ethics teaching can prepare future physicians for the challenges of tomorrow's practice of medicine.