Hossain Md Numan, Howladar M Farhad, Ahammed Sohag, Haque Md Rezwanul, Khan Majedul Islam, Hasan Muyeed, Chowdhury Tayabur Rashid, Hosain Alamgir
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
Department of Forest Policy and Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
Heliyon. 2025 Jan 27;11(3):e42262. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42262. eCollection 2025 Feb 15.
Groundwater quality and contamination pose significant challenges in coastal regions such as Barisal Sadar, Bangladesh, where dependency on groundwater is crucial for potable and agricultural uses. This study employed a multi-indexing approach inside a GIS framework to assess water quality, contamination scenarios, and health risks. It evaluates the physicochemical properties of groundwater samples, including heavy metals, to identify potential issues. The results reveal that water's pH is slightly alkaline, with moderate to high levels of turbidity and hardness. The mean electrical conductivity is 1522 μS/cm, and most regions are above the threshold value. Total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, and NaCl were found in elevated amounts, indicating water's impact on salinity. Heavy metal concentrations occasionally exceed permissible limits, indicating potential health hazards. The individual contamination indices range from low to high risk, whereas the weighted index signifies low to medium risk. The possible ecological risk was obtained within acceptable ranges except for some samples. The noncarcinogenic health risk remained below acceptable ranges (<1) throughout this investigation. In some instances, the carcinogenic risk of Cd and Ni was more significant than the international safe limit (1E-04). The water quality index indicates that 55 % of samples are rated excellent, 10 % moderate, 15 % poor, and 20 % very poor. The significant positive correlations among EC, TDS, TH, turbidity, salinity, NaCl, chloride, and calcium ions as per correlogram, principal component analysis (PCA) biplot, and heat map clustering, indicating similar sources of origin. Notwithstanding its constraints, this study represented one of the initial attempts in Barishal Sadar to investigate groundwater using numerous indices and GIS frameworks. In the end, policymakers can utilize this study's findings to monitor and control groundwater around the study area.
在孟加拉国巴里萨尔萨达尔等沿海地区，地下水质量和污染构成了重大挑战，在这些地区，地下水对于饮用和农业用途至关重要。本研究在地理信息系统（GIS）框架内采用多指标方法来评估水质、污染情况和健康风险。它评估了包括重金属在内的地下水样本的物理化学性质，以识别潜在问题。结果显示，水的pH值呈弱碱性，浊度和硬度处于中高水平。平均电导率为1522μS/cm，大多数地区高于阈值。发现总溶解固体（TDS）、氯化物和氯化钠含量升高，表明水对盐度的影响。重金属浓度偶尔超过允许限值，表明存在潜在健康危害。个体污染指数范围从低风险到高风险，而加权指数表示低风险到中等风险。除了一些样本外，可能的生态风险在可接受范围内。在整个调查过程中，非致癌健康风险仍低于可接受范围（<1）。在某些情况下，镉和镍的致癌风险高于国际安全限值（1E - 04）。水质指数表明，55%的样本评级为优秀，10%为中等，15%为差，20%为极差。根据相关图、主成分分析（PCA）双标图和热图聚类，电导率、总溶解固体、总硬度、浊度、盐度、氯化钠、氯化物和钙离子之间存在显著正相关，表明来源相似。尽管存在局限性，但本研究是巴里萨尔萨达尔地区利用众多指标和GIS框架对地下水进行调查的初步尝试之一。最后，政策制定者可以利用本研究结果来监测和控制研究区域周围的地下水。
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