Bryliński Łukasz, Kostelecka Katarzyna, Woliński Filip, Komar Olga, Miłosz Agata, Michalczyk Justyna, Biłogras Jan, Machrowska Anna, Karpiński Robert, Maciejewski Marcin, Maciejewski Ryszard, Garruti Gabriella, Flieger Jolanta, Baj Jacek
Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Chair of Fundamental Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
Nutrients. 2025 Jan 22;17(3):398. doi: 10.3390/nu17030398.
The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ whose hormones enable the proper functioning of the organism. The normal function of this organ is influenced by internal and external factors. One of the external factors is trace elements. Trace elements in appropriate concentrations are necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid. Fe, Cu, Mn, I, Zn, and Se are part of the enzymes involved in oxidative stress reduction, while Cd, Hg, and Pb can increase ROS production. Cu and Fe are necessary for the correct TPO synthesis. An imbalance in the concentration of trace elements such as Fe, Cu, Co, I, Mn, Zn, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Se in thyroid cells can lead to thyroid diseases such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, and postpartum thyroiditis. Lack of adequate Fe levels may lead to hypothyroidism and cancer development. The thyroid gland's ability to absorb I is reversibly reduced by Co. Adequate levels of I are required for correct thyroid function; both deficiency and excess can predispose to the development of thyroid disorders. High concentrations of Mn may lead to hypothyroidism. Furthermore, Mn may cause cancer development and progression. Insufficient Zn supplementation causes hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule development. Cd affecting molecular mechanisms may also lead to thyroid disorders. Hg accumulating in the thyroid may interfere with hormone secretion and stimulate cancer cell proliferation. A higher risk of thyroid nodules, cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism were linked to elevated Pb levels. Se deficiency disrupts thyroid cell function and may lead to several thyroid disorders. On the other hand, some of the trace elements may be useful in the treatment of thyroid diseases. Therefore, the effects of trace elements on the thyroid require further research.
甲状腺是一个内分泌器官，其分泌的激素能使机体正常运转。该器官的正常功能受内部和外部因素影响。外部因素之一是微量元素。适当浓度的微量元素对甲状腺的正常功能是必需的。铁、铜、锰、碘、锌和硒是参与减轻氧化应激的酶的组成部分，而镉、汞和铅会增加活性氧的产生。铜和铁是正确合成甲状腺过氧化物酶所必需的。甲状腺细胞中微量元素如铁、铜、钴、碘、锰、锌、银、镉、汞、铅和硒浓度的失衡会导致甲状腺疾病，如格雷夫斯病、桥本甲状腺炎、甲状腺功能减退、自身免疫性甲状腺炎、甲状腺结节、甲状腺癌和产后甲状腺炎。铁水平不足可能导致甲状腺功能减退和癌症发展。钴会可逆地降低甲状腺吸收碘的能力。甲状腺功能正常需要足够的碘水平；碘缺乏和过量都可能引发甲状腺疾病。高浓度的锰可能导致甲状腺功能减退。此外，锰可能导致癌症发展和进展。锌补充不足会导致甲状腺功能减退和甲状腺结节发展。镉影响分子机制也可能导致甲状腺疾病。甲状腺中积累的汞可能干扰激素分泌并刺激癌细胞增殖。铅水平升高与甲状腺结节、癌症、自身免疫性甲状腺炎和甲状腺功能减退的较高风险相关。硒缺乏会破坏甲状腺细胞功能，可能导致多种甲状腺疾病。另一方面，一些微量元素可能对甲状腺疾病的治疗有用。因此，微量元素对甲状腺的影响需要进一步研究。
