Wallner Bernd, Eisendle Frederik, Rauch Simon, Paal Peter
Universitätsklinik für Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich.
Institut für Alpine Notfallmedizin, Eurac Research, Bozen, Italien.
Anaesthesiologie. 2025 May;74(5):327-338. doi: 10.1007/s00101-025-01520-x.
Avalanche accidents in which winter sports enthusiasts are involved have significantly increased but the number of deaths remains stable due to better prevention and rescue. Avalanche accidents are frequent in mountainous regions and there are around 100 fatalities each year in Europe. The chances of survival are mainly determined by the degree and duration of avalanche burial, a possible airway obstruction, the presence of an air pocket, the snow characteristics and possible severe injuries. The most frequent cause of death is asphyxia, followed by trauma. Hypothermia accounts for only a minority of deaths. Hypothermic cardiac arrest has a favorable prognosis and justifies prolonged resuscitation and extracorporeal rewarming. The distinction between asphyxial and hypothermic cardiac arrest enables an optimized triage. This article deals with the pathophysiology of avalanche accidents and the management of avalanche victims in the field.
涉及冬季运动爱好者的雪崩事故显著增加，但由于预防和救援措施的改善，死亡人数保持稳定。雪崩事故在山区频发，欧洲每年约有100人死亡。生存几率主要取决于雪崩掩埋的程度和持续时间、可能的气道阻塞、气袋的存在、积雪特性以及可能的严重损伤。最常见的死亡原因是窒息，其次是创伤。低温导致的死亡仅占少数。低温性心脏骤停预后良好，因此值得进行长时间的复苏和体外复温。区分窒息性和低温性心脏骤停有助于优化分诊。本文探讨了雪崩事故的病理生理学以及现场对雪崩遇难者的处理。
