Novel carbazole-thiadiazole derivatives as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: Design, biological evaluation, and computational insights.

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic solutions. Herein, we present the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of carbazole-thiadiazole hybrids targeting key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism. Among the synthesized compounds, 5l emerged as the most potent inhibitor of α-amylase, with an IC value of 0.68 µM-far surpassing the efficacy of the standard drug acarbose (IC: 5.19 µM). Similarly, 5r exhibited exceptional dual activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC values of 1.63 µM and 0.14 µM, respectively, highlighting its dual inhibitory potential. Biological assays demonstrated the compounds' low cytotoxicity on hepatic stellate (LX-2) cells, affirming their safety for therapeutic use. Molecular docking studies provided mechanistic insights into their binding interactions, revealing strong hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with key active site residues. Density functional theory (DFT) and electrostatic potential (ESP) analyses further elucidated their electronic properties, offering a deeper understanding of their structure-activity relationships. Pharmacokinetic profiling via the BOILED-Egg model confirmed these derivatives' excellent oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. Collectively, these findings establish carbazole-thiadiazole hybrids as promising candidates for next-generation antidiabetic therapies, warranting further investigation in preclinical and clinical settings.