Cardiovascular risk assessment in daily clinical practice: when and how to use a risk score.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The European Society of Cardiology Guidelines encourage the use of risk prediction models to enhance an adequate management of cardiovascular risk factors and the implementation of healthy behaviours. In primary prevention, estimating CVD risk is used to identify patients at high risk in order to enhance preventive strategies and decrease the incidence of unfavourable events and pre-mature cardiovascular deaths. Risk models integrate information on several conventional risk factors and estimate individual risk over a 10-year period. In addition to conventional risk factors, emerging non-traditional markers should be considered and mentioned in risk stratification. In secondary prevention, optimal management of patients include evaluation of residual CVD risk. The 10-year risk of recurrent events is not the same for all patients. The identification of high-risk patients is mandatory to prevent recurrent events and to allow to engage intensive treatments and follow-up strategies, representing an opportunity for major public health gain. This review provides a guide to evaluate which CVD risk score is appropriate for use in different settings in clinical practice.