Allison J, Moore K E
J Exp Anal Behav. 1985 Mar;43(2):195-213. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1985.43-195.
Thirsty rats licked two metal tubes: a water tube paired with another water tube, with saccharin, or with a dry tube. For each pair, a multipoint baseline function was measured by offering free access to one tube throughout each session, and free or restricted access to the other. The three resulting baseline functions showed the members of each pair to be mutual substitutes: When access to either tube was restricted, the rats made more licks at the other. A linear function identified the two water tubes as perfect substitutes. Convex functions identified the members of the saccharin-water and the dry-water pair as imperfect substitutes. Each pair was also tested under several reciprocal fixed-ratio schedules that required instrumental licking of either tube for contingent access to the other. The resulting schedule functions showed the members of each pair to be perfect substitutes: Water licks decreased linearly as licks at the other water tube, the saccharin, or the dry tube increased, in agreement with a conservation model of instrumental performance. Baseline and schedule functions, indistinguishable in the water-water pair, indicated a schedule facilitation of dry-tube licking in the dry-water pair and of water-tube licking in the saccharin-water pair.
一根水管与另一根水管配对，或者与装有糖精的水管配对，或者与空管配对。对于每一对，通过在每个实验环节中让大鼠自由获取其中一根管子，并对另一根管子给予自由或受限的获取方式，来测量多点基线函数。由此得到的三个基线函数表明每一对中的两个成员是相互替代的：当对任何一根管子的获取受到限制时，大鼠会更多地舔舐另一根管子。一个线性函数将两根水管确定为完全替代品。凸函数将糖精 - 水对和空管 - 水对中的成员确定为不完全替代品。每一对还在几种相互的固定比率安排下进行测试，这些安排要求通过对任何一根管子进行工具性舔舐才能有条件地获取另一根管子。由此得到的安排函数表明每一对中的两个成员是完全替代品：随着对另一根水管、糖精管或空管的舔舐次数增加，对水的舔舐次数呈线性减少，这与工具性表现的守恒模型一致。在水 - 水对中难以区分的基线函数和安排函数，表明在空管 - 水对中对空管舔舐有安排促进作用，在糖精 - 水对中对水管舔舐有安排促进作用。
