Rodríguez-Hernández Diego, Sandoval-Gil Jose Miguel, Enerstvedt Kjersti Hasle, Gonzalez Susana Villa, Ferreira-Arrieta Alejandra, Asimakopoulos Alexandros G, Jordheim Monica
Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen NO-5007, Norway.
Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanólogicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22830, Mexico.
ACS Omega. 2025 Feb 7;10(6):6079-6091. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10402. eCollection 2025 Feb 18.
Sulfated flavonoids, a class of polyphenols integral to plant secondary metabolism and chemical defense, exhibit notable pharmacological potential. Seagrasses, marine angiosperms with critical ecological and socioeconomic roles, often accumulate these compounds in high concentrations. However, their complex chemical profiles-including closely related sulfated flavonoids-are challenging to characterize due to potential degradation during extraction. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of sulfated flavonoids in alongside a comparative analysis of . The genus, known for forming productive intertidal meadows on rocky Pacific coastlines of North America, serves as a valuable model for understanding flavonoid diversity and adaptation in marine environments. From foliar tissues, we isolated and identified 1 phenolic acid and 15 sulfated flavonoids (HPLC-DAD, NMR, LC-MS), including previously undescribed 6-hydroxyflavonoid disulfates and monosulfates, and flavonoids not earlier reported for the genus. Lower amounts of sulfated glycosides were also tentatively identified in both species for the first time. The flavonoid profiles showed clear species-specific patterns: primarily produced 6-hydroxyflavonoids (70%), while favored 5- and 6-methoxyflavonoids (60 and 70%). Samples collected from nearby locations in May 2024 from both species showed similar flavonoid concentrations (∼20 mg/g DW) and comparable ratios between total flavonoids and rosmarinic acid (∼6:1). exhibited more disulfated flavonoids (84.3%) than monosulfated types (11.9%), whereas had 25.2% disulfated and 66.5% monosulfated flavonoids. Given the proven link between phenolic compounds and the physiological acclimation of surfgrasses to emersion during intertidal periods, as well as to marine heatwaves, this study provides a robust baseline for further research into the basic chemical ecology of these compounds and their responses to climate change.
硫酸化黄酮类化合物是植物次生代谢和化学防御中不可或缺的一类多酚，具有显著的药理潜力。海草作为具有重要生态和社会经济作用的海洋被子植物，常常大量积累这些化合物。然而，由于在提取过程中可能发生降解，它们复杂的化学组成，包括密切相关的硫酸化黄酮类化合物，难以进行表征。本研究首次对[具体物种1]中的硫酸化黄酮类化合物进行了全面分析，并与[具体物种2]进行了比较分析。[具体属名]属以在北美太平洋岩石海岸线上形成高产潮间带草甸而闻名，是理解海洋环境中黄酮类化合物多样性和适应性的宝贵模型。从[具体物种1]的叶片组织中，我们分离并鉴定出1种酚酸和15种硫酸化黄酮类化合物（采用高效液相色谱 - 二极管阵列检测器、核磁共振、液相色谱 - 质谱联用技术），包括此前未描述的6 - 羟基黄酮二硫酸盐和单硫酸盐，以及该属此前未报道过的黄酮类化合物。同时，首次在这两个物种中初步鉴定出了含量较低的硫酸化糖苷。黄酮类化合物谱显示出明显的物种特异性模式：[具体物种1]主要产生6 - 羟基黄酮类化合物（70%），而[具体物种2]则偏好5 - 甲氧基和6 - 甲氧基黄酮类化合物（分别为60%和70%）。2 + 024年5月从这两个物种附近地点采集的样本显示，黄酮类化合物浓度相似（约20毫克/克干重），总黄酮与迷迭香酸的比例相当（约为6:1）。[具体物种1]中双硫酸化黄酮类化合物（84.3%）比单硫酸化类型（11.9%）更多，而[具体物种2]中双硫酸化黄酮类化合物占25.2%，单硫酸化黄酮类化合物占66.5%。鉴于酚类化合物与海草在潮间带期间适应暴露以及应对海洋热浪的生理适应之间已证实的联系，本研究为进一步研究这些化合物的基础化学生态学及其对气候变化的响应提供了有力的基线。
