Murungi Marion, Vudriko Patrick, Ndagije Helen Byomire, Kesi Diana Nakitto, Serwanga Allan, Rajab Kalidi, Manirakiza Leonard, Waswa John Paul, Kasujja Hassan, Barigye Mark, Kaweesi Ddembe, Akello Harriet, Namugambe Juliet, Kiggundu Reuben, Konduri Niranjan
USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, Uganda.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 10217, Uganda.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 Feb 4;14(2):150. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14020150.
Antimicrobials are crucial for animal health and food security. However, their overuse in animals can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health threat that impacts both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial consumption (AMC) of veterinary antimicrobials at the national level using import data from January to December 2021, available from the Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA).
The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) methodology was applied using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification codes for veterinary medicines.
Approximately 88,387.37 kg (88.39 tonnes) of veterinary antimicrobials were consumed in 2021. Parenteral veterinary antimicrobials accounted for 63.8% (56,375.65 kg) and oral veterinary antibacterials accounted for 36.2% (32,011.71 kg). Tetracyclines were the single most consumed veterinary antimicrobial class, accounting for 62.7% of total consumption. Oxytetracycline was the most consumed antibacterial (58.4%), followed by sulphadiazine + trimethoprim (11.1%), penicillin g/dihydrostreptomycin (7.4%), penicillin G procaine + dihydrostreptomycin (6.8%), and tetracycline (3.5%), respectively. Out of all imported veterinary antimicrobials, 76% belonged to the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Highly Important Antimicrobials (HIA) category, 16% to the Critically Important (CIA), and 9% to the Highest Priority Critically Important (HPCIA) categories. Imported colistin accounted for 0.1% of total veterinary consumption.
This study contributes to understanding antimicrobial consumption in Uganda's livestock sector and, for the NDA, leaves in place a system for routine surveillance at a national level. We recommend strict regulatory oversight on the importation and use of colistin and macrolides to address AMR.
抗菌药物对动物健康和粮食安全至关重要。然而，它们在动物中的过度使用会导致耐药微生物的出现。抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）对全球公共卫生构成威胁，影响动物和人类健康。本研究的目的是利用乌干达国家药品管理局（NDA）提供的2021年1月至12月的进口数据，估算国家层面兽用抗菌药物的消费量（AMC）。
采用世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）的方法，使用兽用药品的解剖治疗化学分类代码。
2021年兽用抗菌药物的消费量约为88387.37千克（88.39吨）。兽用注射用抗菌药物占63.8%（56375.65千克），兽用口服抗菌药物占36.2%（32011.71千克）。四环素是消费量最大的单一兽用抗菌药物类别，占总消费量的62.7%。土霉素是消费量最大的抗菌药物（58.4%），其次是磺胺嘧啶+甲氧苄啶（11.1%）、青霉素G/双氢链霉素（7.4%）、普鲁卡因青霉素G+双氢链霉素（6.8%）和四环素（3.5%）。在所有进口的兽用抗菌药物中，76%属于世界卫生组织（WHO）的高度重要抗菌药物（HIA）类别，16%属于 critically important（CIA），9%属于最高优先级 critically important（HPCIA）类别。进口的粘菌素占兽用总消费量的0.1%。
本研究有助于了解乌干达畜牧业的抗菌药物消费情况，并且为NDA建立了一个国家层面的常规监测系统。我们建议对粘菌素和大环内酯类药物的进口和使用进行严格监管，以应对AMR问题。
