Cruz Cinthia Gonzalez, Sodawalla Husain M, Mohanakumar Thalachallour, Bansal Sandhya
Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
Biology (Basel). 2025 Feb 11;14(2):182. doi: 10.3390/biology14020182.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles that are secreted by all cells into the extracellular space. EVs are involved in cell-to-cell communication and can be found in different bodily fluids (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum, and urine), tissues, and in circulation; the composition of EVs reflects the physiological condition of the releasing cell. The ability to use EVs from bodily fluids for minimally invasive detection to monitor diseases makes them an attractive target. EVs carry a snapshot of the releasing cell's internal state, and they can serve as powerful biomarkers for diagnosing diseases. EVs also play a role in the body's immune and pathogen detection responses. Pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, can exploit EVs to enhance their survival and spread and to evade detection by the immune system. Changes in the number or contents of EVs can signal the presence of an infection, offering a potential avenue for developing new diagnostic methods for infectious diseases. Ongoing research in this area aims to address current challenges and the potential of EVs as biomarkers in diagnosing a range of diseases, including infections and infectious diseases. There is limited literature on the development of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers for infectious diseases using existing molecular biology approaches. We aim to address this gap by reviewing recent EV-related investigations in infectious disease studies.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是由所有细胞分泌到细胞外空间的纳米级囊泡。EVs参与细胞间通讯，可在不同的体液（支气管肺泡灌洗液、痰液和尿液）、组织及循环系统中发现；EVs的组成反映了释放细胞的生理状态。利用来自体液的EVs进行微创检测以监测疾病的能力使其成为一个有吸引力的目标。EVs携带了释放细胞内部状态的快照，可作为诊断疾病的有力生物标志物。EVs在机体的免疫和病原体检测反应中也发挥作用。病原体，如细菌和病毒，可利用EVs来提高其生存和传播能力，并逃避免疫系统的检测。EVs数量或内容物的变化可表明感染的存在，为开发传染病新诊断方法提供了一条潜在途径。该领域正在进行的研究旨在应对当前挑战以及EVs作为一系列疾病（包括感染和传染病）诊断生物标志物的潜力。关于使用现有分子生物学方法将EVs开发为传染病诊断生物标志物的文献有限。我们旨在通过综述传染病研究中近期与EVs相关的调查来填补这一空白。
