Transgenic Innovation: Harnessing Cyclotides as Next Generation Pesticides.

Cyclotides are unique cyclic mini proteins derived from plants which are recognized for the distinctive cyclic cystine knot (CCK) structure and the cyclized backbone. To date, more than 760 sequences of cyclotides have been identified across five major families, making them the largest known group of cyclic peptides. These cyclic peptides derived from plants have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable structural stability and diverse bioactivities, including potent insecticidal properties, which offer a promising alternative to conventional pesticides that are often associated with environmental toxicity and resistance development in pests. Advances in transgenic technology have opened new avenues for the sustainable and targeted deployment of cyclotides in pest management. By incorporating cyclotide genes into crops, plants can gain enhanced self-defense mechanisms against insect pests, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides and mitigating ecological impact. This review explores the molecular features essential in cyclotides' insecticidal activity, the latest breakthroughs in transgenic strategies for cyclotide expression in crops, and the potential challenges and future prospects of this innovative approach. By highlighting the synergy between natural bioactive compounds and genetic engineering, this work underscores the potential of cyclotides as next-generation, eco-friendly biopesticides to address global agricultural challenges.