Jacobson Mireille, Powell David
University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
RAND, Arlington, Virginia.
JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Mar 3;8(3):e2462698. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.62698.
Widespread naloxone access is a key policy response to the opioid crisis. Naloxone availability is typically estimated from pharmacy sales, which exclude naloxone provided by community organizations, hospitals, and clinics, or sold over-the-counter.
To estimate naloxone knowledge, carrying, purchase, and use among US adults.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This survey study included noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years and older from a national sample and a sample self-reporting opioid dependence. Respondents answered online questions between June 7 and June 29, 2024, about naloxone knowledge, carrying, purchase, and use.
Opioid misuse, risk of overdose, risk of overdose by person known to respondent.
Naloxone knowledge, prevalence of naloxone carrying, purchase, and administration.
The survey included 1515 individuals from a national sample (median [IQR] age, 45 [33-58] years; 770 women [50.8%]; 215 Black [14.2%], 1087 White [71.8%]) and 512 who self-reported opioid dependence. In the national sample, 50 respondents (3.3%) reported opioid dependence, yielding 562 respondents reporting opioid dependence (median [IQR] age, 41 [35-48] years; 404 female [70.2%]; 17 Black [3.0%], 494 White [87.9%]). Overall, 1164 respondents-700 (46.2%) in the national sample and 500 (89.0%) reporting opioid dependence-had heard of naloxone and correctly identified its purpose. One hundred sixty participants (10.6%) in the national sample and 340 participants (60.5%) in the sample reporting opioid dependence reported carrying naloxone. Among those reporting they were "very likely to overdose," 22 respondents (31.0%) in the national sample and 31 (73.8%) with opioid dependence reported carrying naloxone. Among those who know someone very likely to overdose, 43 participants (25.4%) in the national sample and 190 participants (70.1%) reporting opioid dependence reported carrying naloxone. Among those who ever carried naloxone, 108 (42.4%) in the national sample and 97 (22.6%) reporting opioid dependence had ever purchased naloxone. Overall, 128 respondents (8.4%) in the national sample and 267 respondents (47.5%) reporting opioid dependence reported administering naloxone to someone else while 93 (6.1%) in the national sample and 221 (39.3%) reporting opioid dependence reported being administered naloxone.
In this survey study of naloxone, most respondents reporting opioid dependence correctly identified naloxone's purpose and carried it. Most naloxone carried was not purchased, suggesting a need for new ways, including rapid online surveys, to monitor naloxone possession.
广泛提供纳洛酮是应对阿片类药物危机的一项关键政策举措。纳洛酮的可获得性通常是根据药房销售情况来估计的，这排除了社区组织、医院和诊所提供的纳洛酮，以及非处方销售的纳洛酮。
评估美国成年人对纳洛酮的知晓情况、携带情况、购买情况及使用情况。
设计、背景和参与者：这项调查研究纳入了来自全国样本的18岁及以上非机构化成年人以及自我报告有阿片类药物依赖的样本。受访者于2024年6月7日至6月29日在线回答了有关纳洛酮的知晓情况、携带情况、购买情况及使用情况的问题。
阿片类药物滥用、过量用药风险、受访者认识的人过量用药风险。
纳洛酮知晓情况、纳洛酮携带率、购买率及使用率。
该调查纳入了1515名来自全国样本的个体（年龄中位数[四分位间距]为45[33 - 58]岁；770名女性[50.8%]；215名黑人[14.2%]，1087名白人[71.8%]）以及512名自我报告有阿片类药物依赖的个体。在全国样本中，50名受访者（3.3%）报告有阿片类药物依赖，总计562名受访者报告有阿片类药物依赖（年龄中位数[四分位间距]为41[35 - 48]岁；404名女性[70.2%]；17名黑人[3.0%]，494名白人[87.9%]）。总体而言，1164名受访者——全国样本中的700名（46.2%）以及报告有阿片类药物依赖的500名（89.0%）——听说过纳洛酮并正确识别了其用途。全国样本中有160名参与者（10.6%）以及报告有阿片类药物依赖的样本中有340名参与者（60.5%）报告携带纳洛酮。在那些报告自己“极有可能过量用药”的人中，全国样本中有22名受访者（31.0%）以及有阿片类药物依赖的受访者中有31名（73.8%）报告携带纳洛酮。在那些认识极有可能过量用药的人的受访者中，全国样本中有43名参与者（25.4%）以及报告有阿片类药物依赖的190名参与者（70.1%）报告携带纳洛酮。在那些曾经携带过纳洛酮的人中，全国样本中有108名（42.4%）以及报告有阿片类药物依赖的受访者中有97名（22.6%）曾经购买过纳洛酮。总体而言，全国样本中有128名受访者（8.4%）以及报告有阿片类药物依赖的267名受访者（47.5%）报告曾给他人使用过纳洛酮，而全国样本中有93名（6.1%）以及报告有阿片类药物依赖的221名受访者（39.3%）报告曾被他人使用过纳洛酮。
在这项关于纳洛酮的调查研究中，大多数报告有阿片类药物依赖的受访者正确识别了纳洛酮的用途并携带了纳洛酮。大多数携带的纳洛酮并非购买所得，这表明需要新的方法，包括快速在线调查，来监测纳洛酮的持有情况。
