Khamies Mohamed, Sayed Khairy, Alrumayh Omar, Almutairi Abdulaziz, Mahmoud Alaa A
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
Grove School of Engineering, City College of New York, NY, USA.
Heliyon. 2025 Feb 8;11(4):e42556. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42556. eCollection 2025 Feb 28.
Frequency instability in microgrids (MGs) resulted from the use of Inverter-based generators which lack natural inertia. To overcome this difficulty, this study presents a progressed virtual inertia controller (VIC) that is integrated with a battery energy storage system and has both damping and virtual inertia control loops. With the mounting penetration of renewable energy, an innovative approach that influences Progressive VIC in conjunction with controlled plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is obtainable. PEVs' battery storage capacity is used to supply extra frequency regulation services, serving as dispersed energy storage resources to lessen grid frequency variations. The proposed approach employs an Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) and uses the Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEFO) technique for optimal parameter determination. A frequency control model for microgrids using this progressive VIC was evaluated under numerous operating circumstances and disturbances to reflect variable load and renewable energy generation. The outcomes validate that the ADRC outperforms traditional controllers such as PID, FO-PID, TID, and fuzzy PID in maintaining frequency stability. Also, enhanced VIC and PEVs improve the MG's stability compared to other methods considered. This innovative approach offers a viable remedy for upcoming microgrid designs by improving microgrid frequency stability and lowering the risk of frequency instability.
微电网（MGs）中的频率不稳定是由于使用了缺乏自然惯性的基于逆变器的发电机所致。为克服这一困难，本研究提出了一种改进的虚拟惯性控制器（VIC），该控制器与电池储能系统集成，具有阻尼和虚拟惯性控制回路。随着可再生能源渗透率的不断提高，可以采用一种创新方法，将渐进式VIC与受控插电式电动汽车（PEV）相结合。PEV的电池存储容量用于提供额外的频率调节服务，作为分散的储能资源，以减少电网频率变化。所提出的方法采用了自抗扰控制器（ADRC），并使用电鳗觅食优化（EEFO）技术来确定最优参数。在多种运行工况和干扰下，对采用这种渐进式VIC的微电网频率控制模型进行了评估，以反映可变负载和可再生能源发电情况。结果验证了在保持频率稳定性方面，ADRC优于传统控制器，如PID、FO-PID、TID和模糊PID。此外，与其他考虑的方法相比，改进的VIC和PEV提高了微电网的稳定性。这种创新方法通过提高微电网频率稳定性和降低频率不稳定风险，为未来的微电网设计提供了一种可行的解决方案。
