Karaogul Eyyup, Ugurtay Abdulhalik
Harran University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Şanliurfa, Turkey.
Harran University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Şanliurfa, Turkey.
Food Chem. 2025 Jun 15;477:143510. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143510. Epub 2025 Feb 27.
The study aimed to investigate the effects and properties of micro-encapsulation (Mc) of bioactive extracts from Pistacia vera hull (Pv-He) using response surface methodology (RSM) for mathematical modeling-optimization (MMO). The independent variables optimized were temperature (T:120-180 °C), extract dilution (Eks-Dl:0-4), maltodextrin/gum arabic (MDx/GA:20-80 %), and extract-to-wall blend (W-Rt:5-20 g) in spray-drying. The variables significantly influenced water activity (Wa, P < .01 for T), wettability (Wt, P < .0001 for W-Rt), hausner-ratio (Hr, P < .05 for T, P < .001 for W-Rt), efficiency (Efc%, P < .01 for W-Rt), shikimic acid (Sh-Ac, P < .0001 for Eks-Dl/W-Rt), Mc-yield (Mc-Yd), mass (MD) and bulk density (BD), and carr-index (CI). Linear models fit well for Wa, Wt, and Sh-Ac, while quadratic models were better for Hr and Efc%. Optimal conditions were T:150 °C, Eks-Dl:0, MDx/GA:20 %, and W-Rt:20 g, achieving a desirability of 0.992. Predicted values were compared with experimental and nanoencapsulated (Nc) Pv-He. Mc exhibited significantly higher bioactive properties than Nc. Total phenolic (TPC; 21.44 vs. 0.54 mgGAE/gDW), flavonoid (TFC; 16.84 vs. 0.15 mgQrc/gDW), and tannin (TCT; 23.09 vs. 0 mg/gDW) contents were determined. Mc-Sp enhanced antioxidant performance, showing superior DPPH&ABTS results. The antimicrobial activity of Mc showed good antibacterial effects, with inhibition zones ranging from 13.57 to 20.46 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations from 14.55 to 485 μg/mL, comparable to antibiotics. SEM revealed regular, micron-sized microspherical structures with smooth, unsplit walls, indicating strong coating material performance. XRD showed a high proportion of amorphous materials in Nc, suggesting less ordered structures. Encapsulation effectively enriched bioactive components in Pv-He, with optimized parameters improving efficacy and performance.
本研究旨在采用响应面法（RSM）进行数学建模优化（MMO），以研究阿月浑子果壳生物活性提取物（Pv-He）微囊化（Mc）的效果和特性。优化的自变量包括喷雾干燥中的温度（T：120-180°C）、提取物稀释度（Eks-Dl：0-4）、麦芽糊精/阿拉伯胶（MDx/GA：20-80%）以及提取物与壁材混合物比例（W-Rt：5-20g）。这些变量对水分活度（Wa，T的P<0.01）、润湿性（Wt，W-Rt的P<0.0001）、豪斯纳比率（Hr，T的P<0.05，W-Rt的P<0.001）、效率（Efc%，W-Rt的P<0.01）、莽草酸（Sh-Ac，Eks-Dl/W-Rt的P<0.0001）、微囊产率（Mc-Yd）、质量（MD）和堆积密度（BD）以及卡尔指数（CI）有显著影响。线性模型对Wa、Wt和Sh-Ac拟合良好，而二次模型对Hr和Efc%拟合更好。最佳条件为T：150°C、Eks-Dl：0、MDx/GA：20%和W-Rt：20g，可取性为0.992。将预测值与实验值以及纳米囊化（Nc）的Pv-He进行了比较。Mc表现出比Nc显著更高的生物活性特性。测定了总酚（TPC；21.44对0.54mgGAE/gDW）、类黄酮（TFC；16.84对0.15mgQrc/gDW）和单宁（TCT；23.09对0mg/gDW）含量。Mc-Sp增强了抗氧化性能，在DPPH&ABTS测试中结果优异。Mc的抗菌活性显示出良好的抗菌效果，抑菌圈范围为13.57至20.46mm，最低抑菌浓度为14.55至485μg/mL，与抗生素相当。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示出规则的微米级微球结构，壁光滑、未破裂，表明包衣材料性能良好。X射线衍射（XRD）显示Nc中无定形材料比例较高，表明结构有序性较低。微囊化有效地富集了Pv-He中的生物活性成分，优化参数提高了功效和性能。
