Contreras Jesse D, Shibli Haneen, Eisenberg Marisa C, Muhammad Ahmad S, Davidovitch Nadav, Katz Mark A, Daoud Nihaya, Eisenberg Joseph N S
Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2023 Sep;13(9):611-624. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2023.162. Epub 2023 Aug 21.
Disparities in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene within high-income countries are common and often occur across racial/ethnic lines. The Arab-Bedouins in Israel, a formerly nomadic ethno-national minority, have experienced displacement, forced sedentarization, and poverty since Israel was founded. Land disputes with the government have led to precarious living arrangements, including unrecognized villages that the government considers illegal. We administered a structured questionnaire in one government-planned, two legally recognized, and two unrecognized Bedouin communities in the Negev (190 households). Only 44% (95% CI 37%, 51%) of households had access to both safely managed drinking water and sanitation; nationally Israel reports over 99% coverage for each. In one unrecognized village, only 15% of households had access to safely managed water and sanitation, comparable to low-income countries. The overall 1-week prevalence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age was 22% (95% CI 17%, 27%), with substantial variation between communities. These results highlight that universal access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation remains a relevant goal, not only for low- and middle-income countries but for high-income countries. Bedouin communities in the Negev are a prime example, emphasizing that historic gains in global development have not uniformly reached marginalized groups within high-income countries.
在高收入国家，获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生服务方面的差距很常见，且往往存在于不同种族/族裔之间。以色列的阿拉伯贝都因人，一个曾经游牧的少数族裔，自以色列建国以来经历了流离失所、被迫定居和贫困。与政府的土地争端导致生活安排不稳定，包括一些政府认为非法的未被承认的村庄。我们在纳杰夫的一个政府规划社区、两个合法承认的社区和两个未被承认的贝都因社区（190户家庭）进行了结构化问卷调查。只有44%（95%置信区间37%，51%）的家庭能够获得安全管理的饮用水和卫生设施；而以色列全国报告称这两项的覆盖率均超过99%。在一个未被承认的村庄，只有15%的家庭能够获得安全管理的水和卫生设施，这与低收入国家的情况相当。5岁以下儿童腹泻的总体1周患病率为22%（95%置信区间17%，27%），不同社区之间存在很大差异。这些结果表明，普遍获得安全管理的饮用水和卫生设施仍然是一个重要目标，不仅对低收入和中等收入国家如此，对高收入国家也是如此。内盖夫的贝都因社区就是一个典型例子，它强调全球发展取得的历史性成就并没有均匀地惠及高收入国家中的边缘化群体。
