Cano-Lou Javier, Millán-Laleona Adrián, Candrea Rares, Les Francisco, Pina Ana, Caprioli Giovanni, López Víctor
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
Institute of Agri-food Research of Aragón, IA2, Zaragoza University-CITA, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
Food Funct. 2025 Apr 14;16(8):2947-2958. doi: 10.1039/d4fo05241b.
Apples ( Borkh.) are one of the most consumed fruits around the world with a high production of peels as wastes and by-products. In this work, peels from different commercial and local apple samples are explored as a source of phenolic bioactive compounds that could be directly related to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Six different cultivars from local and commercial apple samples were processed to obtain the phenolic compounds by ultrasonication of the peels using methanol as the solvent. The phenolic content was explored using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the quantification of 37 individual phenolic compounds was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Cellular viability was determined by performing the MTT assay in Caco-2 cell cultures exposed to the phenolic extracts. Subsequently, the capacity to inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase enzymes, as well as antiglycation and antioxidant activities, was evaluated. These apple peel samples were considered a source of phenolic compounds with hyperoside, delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, chlorogenic acid, phlorizin, epicatechin and procyanidin B2 as the main constituents. All samples neutralized the production of advanced glycation end-products and exhibited antiradical activities in a dose-dependent manner; four samples (Amarilla de Octubre, Manzana Helada, Verde Doncella and Pinova) inhibited α-glucosidase but only the sample known as "Amarilla de Octubre" was successful in inhibiting pancreatic α-amylase. Cytotoxicity was discarded in Caco-2 cell cultures at physiological concentrations considering these extracts as a source of phenolic compounds with antidiabetic, antiglycation and antioxidant properties.
苹果（蔷薇科苹果属）是全球消费最多的水果之一，其果皮作为废弃物和副产品产量很高。在这项研究中，不同商业和本地苹果样品的果皮被探索作为酚类生物活性化合物的来源，这些化合物可能与2型糖尿病的预防直接相关。对来自本地和商业苹果样品的六个不同品种进行处理，以甲醇为溶剂对果皮进行超声处理来获得酚类化合物。使用福林-酚试剂法测定酚含量，并通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS/MS）对37种单个酚类化合物进行定量。通过在暴露于酚类提取物的Caco-2细胞培养物中进行MTT试验来测定细胞活力。随后，评估了抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶和胰脂肪酶的能力，以及抗糖化和抗氧化活性。这些苹果皮样品被认为是酚类化合物的来源，主要成分有金丝桃苷、飞燕草素3,5-二葡萄糖苷、绿原酸、根皮苷、表儿茶素和原花青素B2。所有样品均能中和晚期糖基化终产物的产生，并以剂量依赖的方式表现出抗自由基活性；四个样品（十月黄、冻苹果、绿姑娘和皮诺瓦）抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶，但只有名为“十月黄”的样品成功抑制了胰腺α-淀粉酶。考虑到这些提取物作为具有抗糖尿病、抗糖化和抗氧化特性的酚类化合物来源，在生理浓度下Caco-2细胞培养物中未发现细胞毒性。
