Arshad Faisal, Prashanth C S, ShashiKumar H C, Amarnath B C, Shwetha G S, Lokesh N K
Department of Orthodontics, DA Pandu Memorial RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 9008716729, e-mail:
Department of Orthodontics, DA Pandu Memorial RV Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2024 Dec 1;25(12):1162-1171. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3731.
The present study was undertaken to analyze the facial features in class III patients by measuring the facial frontal (linear) parameters and profile (angular) parameters and correlate them with parents to determine the inheritance of facial features.
The sample consisted of 40 class III patients aged between 9 and 18 years based on skeletal ANB angle (less than 0 degrees) and Angle's class III classification. Frontal and profile photographs of the subjects and parents were taken in a standardized position according to ABO guidelines. The photographs were analyzed using custom-made software for measuring various frontal (linear) and profile (angular) parameters to check for the degree of resemblance of facial features with parents by determining mean value, standard deviation and by applying Student's -test. The level of significance was set at 5% ( < 0.05).
The common facial frontal (linear) parameters in sons and daughters which showed close mean inheritance ( < 0.005) with father were: 1. Al-Me/Ex-Al(R), 2. Al-Me/Ex-Al (L), 3. Al-Me/Ch-Me(R), 4. Al-Me/Ch-Me (L), 5. Ch-Me/Al-Ch(R), and 6. Ch-Me/Al-Ch(L). The common facial profile (angular) parameters in sons and daughters which showed close mean inheritance ( < 0.005) with mother were: 1. nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-Ls), 2. nasofacial angle (G-Pog/N-Nd), 3. total convexity except nose (G-Sn-Pog), 4. upper lip projection angle (N-Pog/N-Ls), 5. lower lip projection angle (N-Pog/N-Li), and 6. Sn-Po-Gn. The only linear parameter which showed close mean inheritance with mother in both sons and daughters was: 1. ChR-ChL/AIR-AIL ( = 0.0001).
Facial frontal (linear) parameters showed close inheritance with father in sons and daughters, while profile (angular) parameters showed close inheritance with mother in sons and daughters. The linear vertical parameters have more inheritance in daughters than sons, while angular parameters have more inheritance in sons as compared to daughters. Overall, facial inheritance from father is more dominant in class III sons and daughters.
The results of this study simplify the orthodontic treatment planning in subjects having class III malocclusion in terms of predicting the course of facial growth from parents. Such prediction can guide in forecasting the treatment outcome in complex malocclusion like class III. The results of this study revealed various parameters which are less heritable, having lesser genetic component, and mostly influenced by environment which can be modified through orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, thereby having lesser chances of relapse. The results of this study can also be utilized in the field of plastic surgery and forensic science. How to cite this article: Arshad F, Prashanth CS, ShashiKumar HC, . Inheritance of Class III Soft Tissue Facial Features from Parents to Offsprings Using Photogrammetric Analysis Technique. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(12):1162-1171.
本研究旨在通过测量面部正面（线性）参数和侧面（角度）参数来分析Ⅲ类患者的面部特征，并将其与父母的参数进行关联，以确定面部特征的遗传情况。
样本包括40名年龄在9至18岁之间的Ⅲ类患者，基于骨骼ANB角（小于0度）和安氏Ⅲ类分类。根据ABO指南，在标准化位置拍摄受试者及其父母的正面和侧面照片。使用定制软件分析照片，测量各种正面（线性）和侧面（角度）参数，通过确定平均值、标准差并应用学生t检验来检查面部特征与父母的相似程度。显著性水平设定为5%（P<0.05）。
子女与父亲显示出密切平均遗传关系（P<0.005）的常见面部正面（线性）参数有：1. 鼻翼点至颏下点距离/左右眶外侧点间距（右侧）；2. 鼻翼点至颏下点距离/左右眶外侧点间距（左侧）；3. 鼻翼点至颏下点距离/左右下颌角点间距（右侧）；4. 鼻翼点至颏下点距离/左右下颌角点间距（左侧）；5. 左右下颌角点间距/左右颧牙槽嵴点间距（右侧）；6. 左右下颌角点间距/左右颧牙槽嵴点间距（左侧）。子女与母亲显示出密切平均遗传关系（P<0.005）的常见面部侧面（角度）参数有：1. 鼻唇角（鼻根点-鼻下点-上唇突点）；2. 鼻面角（眉间点-颏前点/鼻根点-鼻下点）；3. 除鼻外的总凸度（眉间点-鼻下点-颏前点）；4. 上唇突角（鼻根点-颏前点/鼻根点-上唇突点）；5. 下唇突角（鼻根点-颏前点/鼻根点-下唇突点）；6. 鼻下点-颏前点-颏下点。在子女中与母亲显示出密切平均遗传关系的唯一线性参数是：1. 左右下颌角点间距/左右鼻翼点间距（P = 0.0001）。
面部正面（线性）参数在子女中与父亲显示出密切的遗传关系，而侧面（角度）参数在子女中与母亲显示出密切的遗传关系。线性垂直参数在女儿中的遗传程度高于儿子，而角度参数在儿子中的遗传程度高于女儿。总体而言，Ⅲ类子女中来自父亲的面部遗传更为显著。
本研究结果简化了Ⅲ类错牙合患者的正畸治疗计划，有助于从父母情况预测面部生长过程。这种预测可为Ⅲ类等复杂错牙合的治疗结果预测提供指导。本研究结果揭示了各种遗传度较低、遗传成分较少且大多受环境影响的参数，这些参数可通过正畸和正颌外科进行调整，从而降低复发几率。本研究结果还可应用于整形手术和法医学领域。如何引用本文：Arshad F, Prashanth CS, ShashiKumar HC, 等。使用摄影测量分析技术研究Ⅲ类软组织面部特征从父母到后代的遗传。《当代牙科实践杂志》2024；25(12):1162 - 1171。
