Su Xiaorong, Wang Hongxiang, Li Qiubai, Chen Zhichao
Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, People's Republic of China.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2025 Mar 13;20:3175-3199. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S502591. eCollection 2025.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in intercellular communication and play an essential role in physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, EVs have garnered significant attention as cell-free therapeutic alternatives, vectors for drug and gene delivery, biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, vaccine development, and nutraceuticals. The biodistribution of EVs critically influences their efficacy and toxicity. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the main factors influencing the biodistribution of unmodified EVs, highlighting their distribution patterns, advantages, limitations, and applications under different routes of administration. In addition, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the currently available sources of EVs and summarize the current status of the therapeutic potentials of EVs. By optimizing administration routes and selecting appropriate EV sources, we aim to offer valuable insights to enhance the delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of EVs to target tissues.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）参与细胞间通讯，并在生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用。近年来，EVs作为无细胞治疗替代方案、药物和基因递送载体、疾病诊断和预后生物标志物、疫苗开发以及营养保健品，已引起广泛关注。EVs的生物分布严重影响其疗效和毒性。因此，本综述旨在讨论影响未修饰EVs生物分布的主要因素，重点介绍其在不同给药途径下的分布模式、优势、局限性及应用。此外，我们全面讨论了目前可用的EVs来源，并总结了EVs治疗潜力的现状。通过优化给药途径和选择合适的EVs来源，我们旨在提供有价值的见解，以提高EVs向靶组织的递送效率和治疗效果。
