Zuo Fang, Wang Wenjie, Shao Zhihang, Sun Yuhuan, Wang Fayuan
College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
Ecotoxicology. 2025 Jul;34(5):725-735. doi: 10.1007/s10646-025-02858-z. Epub 2025 Mar 18.
Due to the widespread application of various iron-based materials in environmental remediation and agricultural production, it is of significance to assess their environmental risks. Here, seven iron-based materials, including ionic FeCl, micro- and nano-sized magnetite (i.e., mFeO and nFeO), micro- and nano-sized zero-valent iron (i.e., mZVI and nZVI), and nZVI modified by starch and activated carbon (i.e., S-nZVI and A-nZVI), were targeted to compare their phytotoxicity in mung bean grown in the soil with different doses (0, 300, 600, and 1000 mg/kg) for 40 days. S-nZVI and A-nZVI severely inhibited plant growth, decreasing shoot and root dry weights by 45.1-79.2 and 26.0-82.3%, respectively, but other materials showed no or minimal effects on plant growth. All the materials decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthesis performance, with more pronounced inhibition from A-nZVI and S-nZVI, especially at 1000 mg/kg. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxide dismutase (POD) in leaves were stimulated by all the materials, among which S-nZVI enhanced SOD activity by 206.9% at 300 mg/kg and POD activity by 541.1% at 1000 mg/kg. In most cases, Fe accumulation in the roots was increased by all materials, particularly by S-nZVI and A-nZVI. Fe concentrations in roots and shoots exposed to 1000 mg/kg S-nZVI and A-nZVI were 2-3 times higher than those in the control treatments. The disturbance in the homeostasis of minerals (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Mg) was induced by all iron-based materials. To conclude, the phytotoxicity of iron-based materials was dependent on their type and dosage, and stabilization was crucial for the phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation potential of nZVI in plants.
由于各种铁基材料在环境修复和农业生产中的广泛应用，评估其环境风险具有重要意义。在此，针对七种铁基材料，包括离子态FeCl、微米和纳米级磁铁矿（即mFeO和nFeO）、微米和纳米级零价铁（即mZVI和nZVI）以及经淀粉和活性炭改性的nZVI（即S-nZVI和A-nZVI），比较它们在不同剂量（0、300、600和1000 mg/kg）的土壤中种植绿豆40天时的植物毒性。S-nZVI和A-nZVI严重抑制植物生长，地上部和根部干重分别降低45.1-79.2%和26.0-82.3%，但其他材料对植物生长无影响或影响极小。所有材料均降低了叶绿素含量和光合作用性能，A-nZVI和S-nZVI的抑制作用更明显，尤其是在1000 mg/kg时。所有材料均刺激了叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性，其中S-nZVI在300 mg/kg时使SOD活性提高了206.9%，在1000 mg/kg时使POD活性提高了541.1%。在大多数情况下，所有材料均增加了根部铁的积累，尤其是S-nZVI和A-nZVI。暴露于1000 mg/kg S-nZVI和A-nZVI的根部和地上部铁浓度比对照处理高2-3倍。所有铁基材料均诱导了矿物质（锌、锰、铜和镁）稳态的紊乱。总之，铁基材料的植物毒性取决于其类型和剂量，稳定化对于nZVI在植物中的植物毒性和生物累积潜力至关重要。
