Carver Annemarie Jenna, Dunnwald Martine, Stevens Hanna Elizabeth
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Psychiatry Department, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Dev Dyn. 2025 Mar 19. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.70018.
In recent years, the importance of placental function for fetal neurodevelopment has become increasingly studied. This field, known as neuroplacentology, has greatly expanded possible etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders by exploring the influence of placental function on brain development. It is also well-established that brain development is influenced by craniofacial morphogenesis. However, there is less focus on the impact of the placenta on craniofacial development. Recent research suggests the functional influence of placental nutrients and hormones on craniofacial skeletal growth, such as prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, vitamin D, sulfate, and calcium, impacting both craniofacial and brain development. Therefore, interactions between the placenta and both fetal neurodevelopment and craniofacial development likely influence the growth and morphology of the head as a whole. This review discusses the role of placental hormone production and nutrient delivery in the development of the fetal head-defined as craniofacial and brain tissue together-expanding on the more established focus on brain development to also include the skull (or cranium) and face.
近年来，胎盘功能对胎儿神经发育的重要性得到了越来越多的研究。这个领域被称为神经胎盘学，通过探索胎盘功能对大脑发育的影响，极大地扩展了神经发育障碍可能的病因。众所周知，大脑发育受颅面形态发生的影响。然而，胎盘对颅面发育的影响较少受到关注。最近的研究表明，胎盘营养物质和激素对颅面骨骼生长具有功能性影响，如催乳素、生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子1、维生素D、硫酸盐和钙，它们同时影响颅面和大脑发育。因此，胎盘与胎儿神经发育和颅面发育之间的相互作用可能会影响整个头部的生长和形态。这篇综述讨论了胎盘激素产生和营养物质输送在胎儿头部（定义为颅面和脑组织）发育中的作用，在更既定的对大脑发育的关注基础上进行扩展，还包括颅骨（或头盖骨）和面部。
