Advances in CRISPR-enabled genome-wide screens in yeast.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas genome-wide screens are powerful tools for unraveling genotype-phenotype relationships, enabling precise manipulation of genes to study and engineer industrially useful traits. Traditional genetic methods, such as random mutagenesis or RNA interference, often lack the specificity and scalability required for large-scale functional genomic screens. CRISPR systems overcome these limitations by offering precision gene targeting and manipulation, allowing for high-throughput investigations into gene function and interactions. Recent work has shown that CRISPR genome editing is widely adaptable to several yeast species, many of which have natural traits suited for industrial biotechnology. In this review, we discuss recent advances in yeast functional genomics, emphasizing advancements made with CRISPR tools. We discuss how the development and optimization of CRISPR genome-wide screens have enabled a host-first approach to metabolic engineering, which takes advantage of the natural traits of nonconventional yeast-fast growth rates, high stress tolerance, and novel metabolism-to create new production hosts. Lastly, we discuss future directions, including automation and biosensor-driven screens, to enhance high-throughput CRISPR-enabled yeast engineering.