Mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes: safeguarding the heart against disease and ageing.

Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that are important for many different cellular processes, including energy production and biosynthesis of fatty acids, haem and iron-sulfur clusters. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to a disruption in these processes, the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species, and the activation of inflammatory and cell death pathways. The consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction are particularly harmful in energy-demanding organs such as the heart. Loss of terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes leads to cardiac remodelling and a reduced ability to sustain contraction. Therefore, cardiomyocytes rely on multilayered mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to maintain a healthy population of mitochondria. Mitochondrial chaperones protect against protein misfolding and aggregation, and resident proteases eliminate damaged proteins through proteolysis. Irreparably damaged mitochondria can also be degraded through mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) or ejected from cells inside vesicles. The accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria in cardiomyocytes is a hallmark of ageing and cardiovascular disease. This accumulation is driven by impaired mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and contributes to the development of heart failure. Therefore, there is a strong interest in developing therapies that directly target mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in regulating mitochondrial quality in cardiomyocytes, how these pathways are altered with age and in disease, and the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial quality control pathways in cardiovascular disease.