Advances in gut microbiota functions in inflammatory bowel disease: Dysbiosis, management, cytotoxicity assessment, and therapeutic perspectives.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, have become increasingly prevalent across all human generations. Despite advances in diagnosis, effective long-term therapeutic options remain limited, with many patients experiencing recurrent symptoms after treatment. The multifactorial origins of ulcerative colitis are widely recognized, but the intestinal microbiome, particularly bacteria from the family, is thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. These bacteria contribute significantly to gut microbial functions, yet their cytotoxic and viability characteristics under disease conditions remain poorly understood. Our review provides insights on recent advancements in methodologies for assessing the cytotoxicity and viability of anaerobic intestinal bacteria, with a specific focus on their relevance to gut health and disease. We introduce overview from current literature on modern techniques including flow cytometry, high-throughput screening, and molecular-based assays, highlighting their applications in understanding the role of and other gut microbes in IBD pathogenesis. By bridging methodological advancements with functional implications, this review aims to enhance our understanding of gut microbiota-host interactions, which are crucial for maintaining health and preventing disease through immune modulation, where microbiota help regulate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation; nutrient metabolism, including the breakdown of dietary fibers into short-chain fatty acids that support gut health; and colonization resistance, where beneficial microbes outcompete harmful pathogens to maintain microbial balance.