Hunter D W, Castaneda-Zuniga W R, Young A T, Cardella J, Lund G, Rysavy J A, Hulbert J, Lange P, Reedy P, Amplatz K
Radiology. 1985 Aug;156(2):341-8. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.2.4011895.
Between May 1983 and October 1984, 51 patients who had 68 ureteral stones underwent treatment at the University of Minnesota. All 68 stones were removed successfully using percutaneous techniques. The 100% success rate is a great improvement over previous results at our institution. The primary factors appear to be the development of the retrograde-flush technique, familiarity with and access to a wider range of methods, and the increasing use of the retrograde ureterorenoscope to see stones in the lower ureter. The average patient was a 45-year-old man who had no other medical problems. The average hospital stay was 6.8 days. Experimental studies with dogs indicate that injection rates of up to 30 ml/sec of contrast material through a retrograde catheter in the ureter are safe if a vent is present in the upper collecting system.
1983年5月至1984年10月期间，明尼苏达大学对51例患有68颗输尿管结石的患者进行了治疗。所有68颗结石均通过经皮技术成功取出。100%的成功率相较于我们机构之前的结果有了很大的提高。主要因素似乎包括逆行冲洗技术的发展、对更广泛方法的熟悉和应用，以及越来越多地使用逆行输尿管肾镜来观察下段输尿管的结石。患者平均年龄为45岁男性，无其他医疗问题。平均住院时间为6.8天。对狗的实验研究表明，如果上尿路集合系统有排气孔，通过输尿管逆行导管以高达30毫升/秒的速率注射造影剂是安全的。
