Piri Ebrahim, Sobhani Vahid, Jafarnezhadgero AmirAli, Arabzadeh Ehsan, Shamsoddini Alireza, Zago Matteo, Granacher Urs
Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Mar 21;17(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01095-5.
The analysis of ground reaction forces and muscle activities during walking or running can help clinicians decide on the usage of foot orthoses, particularly in individuals with pronated feet. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of double- density foot orthoses on running kinetics and lower limb muscle activities in adults with and without pronated feet.
Forty male adults with pronated feet (PF: n = 20, age = 25.4 ± 0.3 years, body-mass-index [BMI] = 23.3 ± 1.2 kg/m) and without pronated feet (WPF: n = 20, age = 26.4 ± 1.0 years, BMI = 24.0 ± 0.7 kg/m) volunteered to participate in this study. The study was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220129053865N1). Ground reaction forces (F, F, F) and lower limb muscle activities (e.g., m. gastrocnemius) were recorded using surface electromyography (EMGs) during running at a constant speed of 3.2 m/s over an 18-m walkway with an embedded force plate. EMGs were normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contractions.
Test-retest reliability for running speed data was excellent for PF and WPF groups and for the entire study cohort with intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.95. The 2-way ANOVA revealed lower peak F (p = 0.011; d = 1.226), lower time-to-peak for F (p = 0.023, d = 1.068), F (p = 0.025, d = 1.056), and F (p = 0.045, d = 0.931) during running with foot orthoses in PF individuals. During the loading phase, PF and WPF exhibited lower gastrocnemius (WPF: p = 0.005, d = 1.608; PF: p = 0.001, d = 2.430 ) and vastus medialis (WPF: p < 0.001, d = 2.532; PF: p < 0.001, d = 2.503) activity when running with foot orthoses.
Although double- density foot orthoses resulted in some beneficial biomechanical effects such as lower muscle activation (e.g., m. vastus medialis) in individuals with PF, foot orthoses constructions need further modifications to achieve even better running mechanics to enhance performance and lower limbinjury occurrence.
IRCT20220129053865N1 (Registration date 19/08/2024).
分析步行或跑步过程中的地面反作用力和肌肉活动，有助于临床医生决定是否使用足部矫形器，尤其是对于足内翻的个体。在此，我们旨在研究双密度足部矫形器对有或没有足内翻的成年人跑步动力学和下肢肌肉活动的影响。
40名成年男性志愿者参与了本研究，其中20名有足内翻（PF组：n = 20，年龄 = 25.4 ± 0.3岁，体重指数[BMI] = 23.3 ± 1.2 kg/m²），20名没有足内翻（WPF组：n = 20，年龄 = 26.4 ± 1.0岁，BMI = 24.0 ± 0.7 kg/m²）。该研究已在伊朗临床试验注册中心（IRCT20220129053865N1）注册。在一条18米长、嵌入测力板的跑道上，以3.2米/秒的恒定速度跑步时，使用表面肌电图（EMG）记录地面反作用力（Fₓ、Fy、Fz）和下肢肌肉活动（如腓肠肌）。EMG数据以最大自主等长收缩进行标准化。
PF组、WPF组以及整个研究队列的跑步速度数据的重测信度极佳，组内相关系数>0.95。双向方差分析显示，PF组个体佩戴足部矫形器跑步时，Fₓ峰值较低（p = 0.011；d = 1.226），Fₓ、Fy、Fz达到峰值的时间较短（p = 0.023，d = 1.068；p = 0.025，d = 1.056；p = 0.045，d = 0.931）。在负重阶段，PF组和WPF组佩戴足部矫形器跑步时，腓肠肌（WPF组：p = 0.005，d = 1.608；PF组：p = 0.001，d = 2.430）和股内侧肌（WPF组：p < 0.001，d = 2.532；PF组：p < 0.001，d = 2.503）的活动较低。
尽管双密度足部矫形器对PF个体产生了一些有益的生物力学效应，如降低肌肉激活（如股内侧肌），但足部矫形器的结构需要进一步改进，以实现更好的跑步力学，提高运动表现并降低下肢受伤的发生率。
IRCT20220129053865N1（注册日期2024年8月19日）
