Evans J Colin, Evans M Blair, Lingard Lorelei
Division of Emergency Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Department of Medicine, Centre for Education Research and Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Adv Simul (Lond). 2025 Mar 24;10(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s41077-025-00333-7.
Team mental models and team situational awareness are key components of healthcare team simulation. Human factors and organizational psychology researchers have developed clear definitions and theories about these concepts that are at times 'lost in translation' within the prevailing forms of measurement and training utilized in healthcare. Simulation research to date has often relied upon indirect and imprecise measures and a conceptualization of team cognition that ill equips simulation educators as they endeavour to optimize healthcare team performance.
We present a narrative review that examines how team cognition is assessed in healthcare team simulation, critically consider assessment strategies described in key studies, and contrast them to advances in human factors and organizational psychology.
This study presents a framework that reconceptualizes how we measure team cognition in healthcare simulation along the matrices of directness and timing of evaluation. We pair this framework with a table that exemplifies extant measurement techniques and highlight how simulation educators may decide between different 'types' of assessment based upon their needs.
We offer recommendations for educators to consider capturing team cognition before, during, and after simulation. We also offer recommendations for researchers to develop tools that may be more readily applied across key settings.
Here, we present a framework of team cognition for healthcare action teams that advances healthcare simulation to better align with human factors and organizational psychology literature. This work will guide healthcare simulation educators and researchers on their quest to optimize team performance through improved team cognition.
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团队心智模型和团队态势感知是医疗团队模拟的关键组成部分。人为因素与组织心理学研究人员已针对这些概念制定了清晰的定义和理论，但在医疗领域常用的测量和培训形式中，这些定义和理论有时会“在翻译中丢失”。迄今为止，模拟研究常常依赖间接且不精确的测量方法以及对团队认知的一种概念化方式，这使得模拟教育工作者在努力优化医疗团队绩效时准备不足。
我们进行了一项叙述性综述，审视了在医疗团队模拟中如何评估团队认知，批判性地考量了关键研究中描述的评估策略，并将它们与人为因素和组织心理学的进展进行对比。
本研究提出了一个框架，该框架沿着评估的直接性和时机矩阵重新概念化了我们在医疗模拟中测量团队认知的方式。我们将此框架与一个表格相结合，该表格举例说明了现有的测量技术，并突出了模拟教育工作者如何根据自身需求在不同“类型”的评估之间做出决定。
我们为教育工作者提供建议，考虑在模拟之前、期间和之后捕捉团队认知。我们也为研究人员提供建议，以开发可能更易于在关键环境中应用的工具。
在此，我们为医疗行动团队提出了一个团队认知框架，推动医疗模拟更好地与人为因素和组织心理学文献保持一致。这项工作将指导医疗模拟教育工作者和研究人员通过改善团队认知来优化团队绩效。
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