Yeung Matthew, Chou Lu-Ting, Ritzkowsky Felix, Turchetti Marco, Berggren Karl K, Chia Shih-Hsuan, Keathley Phillip D
Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan 112304.
Nano Lett. 2025 Apr 2;25(13):5250-5257. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c06536. Epub 2025 Mar 24.
Lightwave electronics offer transformative field-level precision and control at high optical frequencies. While recent advances show that lightwave-driven electron emission from nanoantennas enables time-domain, field-resolved analysis of optical waveforms through a small-signal analysis, the effect of the gate waveform on the measurement transfer function remains unexplored. By generating electrons with a 10-cycle pulse in the optical tunneling regime and perturbing the response with a 1.5-cycle pulse, we experimentally measure the bandwidth limitations imposed by the electron emission process. By comparing these measurements with TDSE simulations and analytical models, we reveal the temporal properties of the electronic response and its impact on the small-signal transfer function. Our results test and confirm the accuracy of the Fowler-Nordheim model in estimating the lightwave electronic response from noble metals. We envision extending these techniques to multi-octave-spanning signals for precise characterization of sub-cycle electronic responses through harmonic frequency mixing.
光波电子学在高光频率下提供变革性的场级精度和控制。虽然最近的进展表明，纳米天线的光波驱动电子发射能够通过小信号分析对光波形进行时域、场分辨分析，但栅极波形对测量传递函数的影响仍未得到探索。通过在光隧穿 regime 中用 10 周期脉冲产生电子并用 1.5 周期脉冲扰动响应，我们通过实验测量了电子发射过程所施加的带宽限制。通过将这些测量结果与 TDSE 模拟和分析模型进行比较，我们揭示了电子响应的时间特性及其对小信号传递函数的影响。我们的结果测试并证实了 Fowler-Nordheim 模型在估计贵金属的光波电子响应方面的准确性。我们设想将这些技术扩展到多倍频程跨度信号，以通过谐波频率混频精确表征亚周期电子响应。
