Impact of Developmental Alcohol Exposure on Sleep Physiology.

The present chapter summarizes the clinical and preclinical findings collected to date, showing the impact of developmental alcohol exposure on sleep physiology. Sleep is a complex physiological process that plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health and well-being via its involvement in regulating physiological, cognitive, and emotional functions. Clinical studies consistently report a high prevalence of sleep disturbances in children and adolescents diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), including short sleep duration, sleep anxiety, bedtime resistance, increased sleep fragmentation, and parasomnias. It is established that alcohol consumption during gestation impairs brain development, leading to structural and functional alterations that may affect sleep architecture. In addition, clinical investigations have found a significant correlation between sleep-wake cycle disruptions and cognitive impairments after developmental alcohol exposure, and sleep disturbances are increasingly recognized as a substantial problem among FASD patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these disturbances are poorly understood. Surprisingly, few studies with animal models of FASDs have characterized the effect of developmental ethanol exposure on sleep physiology, and these have focused on high doses. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge, reports the sleep disturbances in FASD patients, and then summarizes the gap in understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms.