Garcias Biel, Monteith William, Vidal Anna, Aguirre Laia, Pascoe Ben, Kobras Carolin M, Hitchings Matthew D, Sheppard Samuel K, Martin Marga, Darwich Laila
Department Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, CP 08193, Spain.
Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
Microb Genom. 2025 Mar;11(3). doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.001371.
More antibiotics are administered to livestock animals than to treat human infections. Industrialization, large animal densities and early weaning mean pigs are exposed to more antibiotics than any other livestock animal. Consequently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is common among commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Heavy metals (HMs) are also often used as feed additives for growth promotion and infection prevention alongside antimicrobials, and increased exposure to copper, zinc and cadmium can further encourage AMR through co-selection. In this study, we sequenced an archived collection of 112 isolates from pigs in Catalonia using short- and long-read sequencing methods to detect AMR and HM tolerance genes. The most common AMR genes were (84.8%), (52.7%), (45.6%) and (45.6%). Genes relevant to public health, such as the extended-spectrum -lactamases (15.4%), type or , or mobile colistin resistance () genes (13.4%), such as , were also found. HM tolerance genes were present in almost every genome but were rarely located in plasmids, and, in most cases, AMR and HM tolerance genes were not located on the same plasmids. Of the genes predicted to increase tolerance to HMs, only those with activity to mercury were co-located on plasmids alongside other AMR determinants. However, mercury is rarely used in pig farming and does not support a scenario where AMR and HM genes are co-selected. Finally, we identified the exclusive association between and ColE10 plasmid, which may help target interventions to curtail its spread among pig .
用于家畜动物的抗生素比用于治疗人类感染的更多。工业化、高密度养殖和早期断奶意味着猪比其他任何家畜动物接触更多的抗生素。因此，抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）在共生菌和病原菌中很常见。重金属（HMs）也经常与抗菌药物一起用作饲料添加剂以促进生长和预防感染，而增加对铜、锌和镉的接触可通过共同选择进一步促进AMR。在本研究中，我们使用短读长和长读长测序方法对来自加泰罗尼亚猪的112株存档分离株进行测序，以检测AMR和重金属耐受性基因。最常见的AMR基因是（84.8%）、（52.7%）、（45.6%）和（45.6%）。还发现了与公共卫生相关的基因，如超广谱β-内酰胺酶（15.4%）、型或型，或移动性黏菌素耐药性（）基因（13.4%），如。几乎每个基因组中都存在重金属耐受性基因，但很少位于质粒上，并且在大多数情况下，AMR和重金属耐受性基因不在同一质粒上。在预测可增加对重金属耐受性的基因中，只有那些对汞有活性的基因与其他AMR决定簇共同位于质粒上。然而汞很少用于养猪业，并不能支持AMR和重金属基因共同选择的情况。最后，我们确定了与ColE10质粒之间的排他性关联，这可能有助于针对性干预以减少其在猪群中的传播。
